Puerto Ricans

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| header1 = {{#if:Puerto Ricans: ~9 million
Diaspora: ~6 million<ref name="pop-2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="PopEstUS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> |Total population}}

| data2 = Puerto Ricans: ~9 million
Diaspora: ~6 million<ref name="pop-2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="PopEstUS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> {{#if:|(Template:Comma separated entries)}} {{#if: | (including those of ancestral descent)}} | label3 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data3 = | label4 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data4 = | label5 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data5 =

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| label11 = Template:Flagcountry (2023) | data11 = 3,105,723<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> | label12 = Template:Flagcountry (2023) | data12 = 5,932,219<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> | label13 = Template:Flagcountry
(2020) | data13 = 7,759<ref>[1]</ref> | label14 = Template:Flagcountry (2015) | data14 = 6,083<ref name="oecd-ilibrary.org">El panorama de la migración en República Dominicana: Cuadro 2.4. Los Haitianos son el principal grupo de inmigrantes</ref> | label15 = Template:Flagcountry (2016) | data15 = 3,405<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> | label16 = Template:Flagcountry (2000) | data16 = 1,970<ref>Los extranjeros en México Template:Webarchive</ref> | label17 = | data17 = | label18 = Template:Flagcountry (2019) | data18 = 241<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> | label19 = | data19 = | label20 = | data20 = | label21 = | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = | data28 = | label29 = | data29 = | label30 = | data30 = | label31 = | data31 = | label32 = | data32 = | label33 = | data33 = | label34 = | data34 = | label35 = | data35 = | label36 = | data36 = | label37 = | data37 = | label38 = | data38 = | label39 = | data39 = | label40 = | data40 = | label41 = | data41 = | label42 = | data42 = | label43 = | data43 = | label44 = | data44 = | label45 = | data45 = | label46 = | data46 = | label47 = | data47 = | label48 = | data48 = | label49 = | data49 = | label50 = | data50 = | label51 = | data51 = | label52 = | data52 = | label53 = | data53 = | label54 = | data54 = | label55 = | data55 = | label56 = | data56 = | label57 = | data57 = | label58 = | data58 = | label59 = | data59 = | label60 = | data60 = | header61 = {{#if:Mostly Spanish; also English |Languages}} | data62 = Mostly Spanish; also English | header63 = {{#if:Template:Hlist |Religion}} | data64 = Template:Hlist | header65 = {{#if:Template:Hlist |Related ethnic groups}} | data66 = Template:Hlist{{#if: | Template:Main other }}

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}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox ethnic group with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | caption | flag |flag_alt | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_upright | footnotes | genealogy | group | image |image_alt | image_caption | image_upright | langs | languages | native_name | native_name_lang | pop | pop_embed | pop1 | pop10 | pop11 | pop12 | pop13 | pop14 | pop15 | pop16 | pop17 | pop18 | pop19 | pop2 | pop20 | pop21 | pop22 | pop23 | pop24 | pop25 | pop26 | pop27 | pop28 | pop29 | pop3 | pop30 | pop31 | pop32 | pop33 | pop34 | pop35 | pop36 | pop37 | pop38 | pop39 | pop4 | pop40 | pop41 | pop42 | pop43 | pop44 | pop45 | pop46 | pop47 | pop48 | pop49 | pop5 | pop50 | pop6 | pop7 | pop8 | pop9 | popplace | population | rawimage | ref1 | ref10 | ref11 | ref12 | ref13 | ref14 | ref15 | ref16 | ref17 | ref18 | ref19 | ref2 | ref20 | ref21 | ref22 | ref23 | ref24 | ref25 | ref26 | ref27 | ref28 | ref29 | ref3 | ref30 | ref31 | ref32 | ref33 | ref34 | ref35 | ref36 | ref37 | ref38 | ref39 | ref4 | ref40 | ref41 | ref42 | ref43 | ref44 | ref45 | ref46 | ref47 | ref48 | ref49 | ref5 | ref50 | ref6 | ref7 | ref8 | ref9 | region1 | region10 | region11 | region12 | region13 | region14 | region15 | region16 | region17 | region18 | region19 | region2 | region20 | region21 | region22 | region23 | region24 | region25 | region26 | region27 | region28 | region29 | region3 | region30 | region31 | region32 | region33 | region34 | region35 | region36 | region37 | region38 | region39 | region4 | region40 | region41 | region42 | region43 | region44 | region45 | region46 | region47 | region48 | region49 | region5 | region50 | region6 | region7 | region8 | region9 | regions | related | related_groups | related-c | religions | rels | tablehdr | total | total_ref | total_source | total_year | total1 | total1_ref | total1_source | total1_year | total2 | total2_ref | total2_source | total2_year | total3 | total3_ref | total3_source | total3_year }}Template:Main other Template:Puerto Ricans Puerto Ricans (Template:Langx),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> most commonly known as Boricuas,Template:Efn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but also occasionally referred to as Borinqueños, Borincanos,Template:Efn or Puertorros,Template:Efn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> are an ethnic group native to the Caribbean archipelago and island of Puerto Rico, and a nation identified with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico through ancestry, culture, or history. Puerto Ricans are predominately a tri-racial, Spanish-speaking, Christian society, descending in varying degrees from Indigenous Taíno natives, Southwestern European colonists, and West and Central African slaves, freedmen, and free Blacks. As citizens of a U.S. territory, Puerto Ricans have automatic birthright American citizenship, and are considerably influenced by American culture. The population of Puerto Ricans is between 9 and 10 million worldwide, with the overwhelming majority residing in Puerto Rico and mainland United States.

Overview

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The culture held in common by most Puerto Ricans is referred to as a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Spain, and more specifically Andalusia and the Canary Islands. Puerto Rico has also received immigration from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia as well as from other European countries such as France, Ireland, Italy and Germany. Puerto Rico has also been influenced by African culture, with many Puerto Ricans partially descended from Africans, though Afro-Puerto Ricans of unmixed African descent are only a significant minority. Also present in today's Puerto Ricans are traces (about 10-15%) of the aboriginal Taíno natives that inhabited the island at the time European colonizers arrived in 1493.<ref>[Puerto Rico is a melting pot of cultures -- Taíno (Native Indian), Spanish, African, and North American. How Ancient DNA Can Help Recast Colonial History: The people of pre-colonial Puerto Rico did not disappear entirely—a new study shows that the island’s residents still carry bits of their DNA.] The Atlantic. Ed Yong. September 18, 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</ref><ref>Indigenous Puerto Rico: DNA evidence upsets established history: DNA evidence shows that most Puerto Ricans are a blending of Taino (Indian), Spanish and African according to studies by Dr. Juan Martinez-Cruzado. Rick Kearns Updated: Sep 13, 2018. Original: Sep 6, 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</ref> Recent studies in population genetics have concluded that Puerto Rican gene pool is on average predominantly European, with a significant Sub-Saharan African, North African Guanche, and Indigenous American substrate, the latter two originating in the aboriginal people of the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico's pre-Columbian Taíno inhabitants, respectively.<ref name="archive.org1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal </ref>

The population of Puerto Ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 and 10 million worldwide, with most living on the islands of Puerto Rico and in the United States mainland. Within the United States, Puerto Ricans are present in all states of the Union, and the states with the largest populations of Puerto Ricans relative to the national population of Puerto Ricans in the United States at large are the states of New York, Florida, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, with large populations also in Massachusetts, Connecticut, California, Illinois, and Texas.<ref name="2010 Census">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 Retrieved March 25, 2012 - select state from drop-down menu</ref>

For 2009,<ref>[2] Template:Webarchive</ref> the American Community Survey estimates give a total of 3,859,026 Puerto Ricans classified as "Native" Puerto Ricans. It also gives a total of 3,644,515 (91.9%) of the population being born in Puerto Rico and 201,310 (5.1%) born in the United States. The total population born outside Puerto Rico is 322,773 (8.1%). Of the 108,262 who were foreign born outside the United States (2.7% of Puerto Ricans), 92.9% were born in Latin America, 3.8% in Europe, 2.7% in Asia, 0.2% in Northern America, and 0.1% in Africa and Oceania each.<ref name="U.S ACS Puerto Rico 2008">[3] Template:Webarchive</ref>

Number of Puerto Ricans

Population (1765–1897)

The populations during Spanish rule of Puerto Rico were:

Ethnic composition of Puerto Rico 1765 - 1897
1765	Population	Percent	1802	Population	Percent	1897	Population	Percent
Other (incl: African, Mulatto, Indigenous){{#if:1|1|[4]}}	22,274	49.6%	White	78,281	48.0%	White	573,187	64.3%
White	17,572	39.2%	African	16,414	10.0%	African	75,824	8.6%
African{{#if:2|2|[5]}}	5,037	11.2%	Mulatto	55,164	33.8%	Mixed	241,900	27.1%
-	-	-	2|[6]}}	13,333	8.2%	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
File:Bandera de Costas.svg Puerto Rico	44,833	100.0%	Template:Flagicon Puerto Rico	163,192	100.0%	Template:Flagicon Puerto Rico	890,911	100.0%
1765 Census. (First census)<ref name="books.google.com">A Population History of North America Template:Webarchive By Michael R. Haines, Richard H. Steckel</ref><ref name="auto">HISTORIA DE PUERTO RICO Template:Webarchive Page 17.</ref> 1802 Census.<ref name="auto"/><ref>An Account of the Present State of the Island of Puerto Rico Template:Webarchive By George D. Flinter (Page: 206)</ref> 1897 Census<ref name="archive.org">Report on the census of Porto Rico, 1899 Template:Webarchive Census of "Porto Rico" (Old Spelling) Page 57.</ref> ^1{{#if:| }} Indigenous: Taino people, Also Arawak people.^2{{#if:| }} : Slave population.

Ancestry and genetics

File:Crowd gathering on a street, Puerto Rico (8364101673).jpg

Crowd gathering on a street in Puerto Rico in 1939, photographed by Robert Yarnall Richie

The original inhabitants of Puerto Rico are the Taíno, who called the island Borikén or Borinquen; however, as in other parts of the Americas, the native people soon diminished in number after the arrival of Spanish settlers. Besides miscegenation, the negative impact on the numbers of Amerindian people, especially in Puerto Rico, was almost entirely the result of Old World diseases that the Amerindians had no natural/bodily defenses against, including measles, chicken pox, mumps, influenza, and even the common cold. In fact, it was estimated that the majority of all the Amerindian inhabitants of the New World died out due to contact and contamination with those Old World diseases, while those that survived were further reduced through deaths by warfare with Spanish colonizers and settlers.

Thousands of Spanish settlers also immigrated to Puerto Rico from the Canary Islands during the 18th and 19th centuries, so many so that whole Puerto Rican villages and towns were founded by Canarian immigrants, and their descendants would later form a majority of the population on the island.Template:Citation needed

In 1791, the slaves in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) revolted against their French masters. Many of the French escaped to Puerto Rico via what is now the Dominican Republic and settled in the west coast of the island, especially in Mayagüez. Some Puerto Ricans are of British heritage, most notably Scottish people and English people who came to reside there in the 17th and 18th centuries.Template:Citation needed

When Spain revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 with the intention of attracting non-Spanish Europeans to settle in the island, thousands of Corsicans (though the island was French since 1768 the population spoke an Italian dialect similar to Tuscan Italian) during the 19th century immigrated to Puerto Rico, along with German immigrants as well as Irish immigrants who were affected by the Great Famine of the 1840s, immigrated to Puerto Rico. They were followed by smaller waves from other European countries and China.Template:Citation needed

During the early 20th century Jews began to settle in Puerto Rico. The first large group of Jews to settle in Puerto Rico were European refugees fleeing German–occupied Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. The second influx of Jews to the island came in the 1950s, when thousands of Cuban Jews fled Cuba after Fidel Castro came to power.<ref name="JVL">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Ethnogenesis

The native Taino population began to dwindle, with the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, through disease and intermarriage.<ref name="kacike.org">Documenting the Myth of Taino Extinction. Dr. Lynne Guitar. KACIKE: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology. Template:Webarchive Retrieved May 23, 2010.</ref> Many Spaniard men took Taino and West African wives and in the first centuries of the Spanish colonial period the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed. "By 1530 there were 14 native women married to Spaniards, not to mention Spaniards with concubines."<ref name="El Jibaro">Template:Cite book</ref> Under Spanish rule, mass immigration shifted the ethnic make-up of the island, as a result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. Puerto Rico went from being two-thirds black and mulatto in the beginning of the 19th century, to being nearly 80% white by the middle of the 20th century. This was compounded by more flexible attitudes to race under Spanish rule, as epitomized by the Regla del Sacar.<ref name="Puerto Rico's History on race">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mona.uwi.edu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>CIA World Factbook Retrieved June 8, 2009.</ref><ref>2010.census.gov Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Puerto Rico's Historical Demographics Template:Webarchive Retrieved November 10, 2011.</ref> Under Spanish rule, Puerto Rico had laws such as Regla del Sacar or Gracias al Sacar, which allowed persons of mixed ancestry to pay a fee to be classified as white,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which was the opposite of the one-drop rule in US society after the American Civil War.<ref name="ReferenceA">Falcón in Falcón, Haslip-Viera and Matos-Rodríguez 2004: Ch. 6</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Waiting by the side of the road in Puerto Rico.jpg

Two men sit by the side of a road with the ocean behind them in Puerto Rico.

Studies have shown that the racial ancestry mixture of the average Puerto Rican (regardless of racial self-identity) is about 64% European, 21% African, and 15% Native Taino, with European ancestry strongest on the west side of the island and West African ancestry strongest on the east side, and the levels of Taino ancestry (which, according to some research, ranges from about 5%-35%) generally highest in the southwest of the island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Via">Template:Cite journal</ref>

A study of a sample of 96 healthy self-identified White Puerto Ricans and self-identified Black Puerto Ricans in the U.S. showed that, although all carried a contribution from all 3 ancestral populations (European, African, and Amerindian), the proportions showed significant variation. Depending on individuals, although often correlating with their self-identified race, African ancestry ranged from less than 10% to over 50%, while European ancestry ranged from under 20% to over 80%. Amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation, generally hovering between 5% and 20% irrespective of self-identified race.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="genographic.nationalgeographic.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Latino populations: a unique opport">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The majority of the European ancestry in Puerto Ricans comes from southern Spain, more specifically the Canary Islands; this is also true for many Dominicans and Cubans. Canarians are of partial Guanche ancestry, a North African Berber ethnic group who were the original inhabitants before Spanish conquest. This means that by extension, many Puerto Ricans have minuscule amounts of North African blood through the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Race and ethnicity

White

Template:Multiple image {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In the 1899 census, taken the year Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States following its invasion and annexation in the Spanish–American War, 61.8% of the people were identified as White. In the 2020 United States census the total of Puerto Ricans that self-identified as White was 17.1% or 560,592 out of the 3,285,874 people living in Puerto Rico,<ref name="data.census.gov">[7]</ref> down from 75.8% in the 2010 Census, reflecting a change in perceptions of race in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Puerto Rico's History on race" /><ref name="2010.census.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>[8] Template:Webarchive</ref> For every United States census until 2010, most Puerto Ricans self identified as "white".<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Puerto Rico's History on race" /><ref name="mona.uwi.edu 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>2010.census.gov Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The European ancestry of Puerto Ricans comes primarily from one source: Spaniards (including Canarians, Catalans, Castilians, Galicians, Asturians, Andalusians, and Basques). The Canarian cultural influence in Puerto Rico is one of the most important components in which many villages were founded from these immigrants, which started from 1493 to 1890 and beyond. Many Spaniards, especially Canarians, chose Puerto Rico because of its Hispanic ties and relative proximity in comparison with other former Spanish colonies. They searched for security and stability in an environment similar to that of the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico was the most suitable. This began as a temporary exile which became a permanent relocation and the last significant wave of Spanish or European migration to Puerto Rico.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other sources of European populations are Corsicans, French, Italians, Portuguese (especially Azoreans), Greeks, Germans, Irish, Scots, Maltese, Dutch, English, and Danes.

Black

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In the 2020 United States census, 7.0% of people self-identified as Black.<ref name="2010.census.gov"/> Africans were brought by Spanish Conquistadors.Template:Citation needed The vast majority of the Africans who were brought to Puerto Rico did so as a result of the slave trade taking place from many groups in the African continent, but particularly the West Africans, the Yoruba,<ref name=Africans>Template:Cite book</ref> the Igbo,<ref name="Africans" /> and the Kongo people.

Indigenous

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Indigenous people make up the third largest racial identity among Puerto Ricans, comprising 0.5% of the population,<ref name="2010.census.gov" /><ref name="data.census.gov">[9]</ref> although this self-identification may be ethno-political in nature since unmixed Tainos no longer exist as a discrete genetic population. Native American admixture in Puerto Ricans ranges between about 5% and 35%, with around 15% being the approximate average.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="genographic.nationalgeographic.com"/><ref name="Latino populations: a unique opport" /><ref name="Via" />

Puerto Rico's self-identified indigenous population therefore consist mostly of indigenous-identified persons (oftentimes with predominant Indigenous ancestry, but not always) from within the genetically mestizo population of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, even when most other Puerto Ricans of their exact same mixture would identify either as mixed-race or even as white.

Asian

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} For its 2020 census, the U.S. Census Bureau listed the following groups to constitute "Asian":<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Asian Indian, Bangladeshi, Bhutanese, Cambodian, Chinese, Filipino, Hmong, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Laotian, Malaysian, Nepalese, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Taiwanese, Thai, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Though, the largest groups come from China and India. These groups represented 0.1% of the population.

Other

File:José Campeche.JPG

José Campeche is the first known Puerto Rican visual artist.

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} People of "Some other race alone" or "Two or more races" constituted 75.3% of the population in the 2020 Census.<ref name="data.census.gov">[10]</ref>

Although the average Puerto Rican is of mixed race,<ref name="Rivera 2015" /> few actually identified as multiracial ("two or more races") in the 2010 census; only 3.3% did so.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>2010 Census Data - 2010 Census: 2010 Census Results, Puerto Rico. U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 1, 2013.</ref> They more often identified with their predominant heritage or phenotype. However, in the 2020 census, the amount of Puerto Ricans identifying as multiracial went up to 49.8% and an additional 25.5% identified as "some other race", showing a marked change in the way Puerto Ricans view themselves. This may show that Puerto Ricans are now more open to embracing all sides of their mixed-race heritage and do not view themselves as part of the standard race dynamic in the United States — hence the high number of people identifying as "some other race." A similar phenomenon went on in the mainland United States with the overall US Hispanic/Latino population.<ref>[11]</ref> Most have significant ancestry from two or more of the founding source populations of Spaniards, Africans, and Tainos, although Spanish ancestry is predominant in a majority of the population. Small amounts of Puerto Ricans may have additional ancestries from other parts of the world. Similar to many other Latin American ethnic groups, Puerto Ricans are multi-generationally mixed race, though most are European-dominant in ancestry; Puerto Ricans who are "evenly mixed" can accurately be described as "Mulatto", "Quadroon", or Tri-racial, very similar to mixed populations in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. According to the National Geographic Genographic Project, "the average Puerto Rican individual carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian (Mediterranean, Northern European and/or Middle Eastern) and 20% Sub-Saharan African DNA."<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In genetic terms, even many of those of pure Spanish origin would have North and, in some cases, West African ancestry brought from founder populations, particularly in the Canary Islands.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Along with European, West African, and Taino, many Puerto Ricans have small amounts of North African blood due to settlers from Canary Islands, the Spanish province from which most Puerto Ricans draw their European ancestry, being of partial North African blood. Very few self-identified Black Puerto Ricans are of unmixed African ancestry, while a genetically unmixed Amerindian population in Puerto Rico is technically extinct despite a minuscule segment of self-identified Amerindian Puerto Ricans due to a minor Amerindian component in their ancestral mixture. Research data shows that 60% of Puerto Ricans carry maternal lineages of Native American origin and the typical Puerto Rican has between 5% and 15% Native American admixture.<ref name=":0" />

Modern identity

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Aqui vive una familia puertorriqueña 2006 (San Juan, Puerto Rico).jpg

"A Puerto Rican family lives here" sign on a wall in San Juan

The Puerto Rico of today has come to form some of its own social customs, cultural matrix, historically rooted traditions, and its own unique pronunciation, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions within the Spanish language, known as Puerto Rican Spanish. Even after the attempted assimilation of Puerto Rico into the United States in the early 20th century, the majority of the people of Puerto Rico feel pride in their Puerto Rican nationality,<ref name="CIA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> regardless of the individual's particular racial, ethnic, political, or economic background. Many Puerto Ricans are consciously aware of the rich contribution of all cultures represented on the island. This diversity can be seen in the everyday lifestyle of many Puerto Ricans such as the profound Latin, African, and Taíno influences regarding food, music, dance, and architecture.<ref name="NPR.org 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Emigration

Template:See also During the Spanish colonial period, there was significant migration from Puerto Rico to Santo Domingo, Cuba, the Virgin Islands, and Venezuela, and vice versa, because migration between neighboring colonies especially under the same European power, was common. Nearly all Puerto Ricans who migrated to these areas during these times, assimilated and intermixed with the local populations. In the early days of US rule, from 1900 to the 1940s, the Puerto Rican economy was small and undeveloped, it relied heavily on agriculture. At this time, Puerto Rican migration waves were mainly to Dominican Republic,<ref>[12]</ref> the Virgin Islands, and US cities such as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Miami, New Orleans, and most importantly metropolitan area surrounding New York City and North Jersey. Over 5,000 Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii from 1900 to 1901.<ref name="CEP Part 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Lehman">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Puerto Rican migration to the US northeast started as early as the 1890s; however, it was a very, very small flow at the time. During the 1940s, Puerto Rican desire for independence slowly started to decline while desire for statehood and dependence on the US started rise, due to this more Puerto Ricans started to look at the US more favorably and take full advantage of their US citizenship, huge flows of Puerto Ricans started to arrive in the United States, particularly industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest, coinciding with a strong decline in Puerto Ricans migrating to other countries and even other areas in the US like Baltimore, New Orleans, and Hawaii.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> From 1940 to 1960, the stateside Puerto Rican population rose from 69,967 to 892,513, the majority of which went to the New York metro area.<ref>[13]</ref> For the bulk of the 1900s, New York City was the center of the Puerto Rican diaspora.<ref>[14]</ref><ref>[15]</ref> However, since the start of the 2000s, the Puerto Rican population in the NYC area has declined and the total Puerto Rican population in the mainland United States has since spread out, with Florida (especially the Orlando area) being the most popular destination.<ref>[16]</ref><ref>[17]</ref>

In the modern day, there are about 5.9 million Puerto Ricans in the US mainland.<ref name=ACS-B03001-2019>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Large concentrations can be found in the Northeast region and in Florida, in the metropolitan areas of New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, Miami, Chicago, Tampa, and Boston, among others. Although over 95% of Puerto Ricans living outside of Puerto Rico live in the mainland United States, there is a significant and growing number of Puerto Ricans – mainly from Puerto Rico itself but also to a lesser degree from the 50 states – living in other countries. Puerto Rican populations in other countries are very small, not large enough to have dominance over certain neighborhoods and cities like in Florida and the US Northeast. Unsurprisingly, Puerto Rico's neighbors have the biggest Puerto Rican communities outside Puerto Rico and the US mainland, to the west Dominican Republic with as high as 34,000 Puerto Ricans according to some sources,<ref>[18]</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and to the east US Virgin Islands with 7,759, 8.9% of the territory's population, second highest percentage of any US state or territory, after Puerto Rico (95.5%) and before Connecticut (8.0%).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CB2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are small numbers of Puerto Ricans in other countries like Canada, Spain, Mexico, United Kingdom, and other countries in Europe and the Caribbean/Latin America. Due to Puerto Rico being a US territory, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans leaving the island go to the mainland United States, comprising Puerto Ricans of all income brackets and lifestyles. However, majority of the small number of Puerto Ricans living outside of the United States, including outside of Puerto Rico and other territories, are usually financially well-off and entrepreneurial, owning homes and businesses in the countries they choose to settle in.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Statistical counts of Puerto Rican populations in other countries usually only center on ethnic Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico. Other ethnic groups born in Puerto Rico who move away usually wouldn't be included in a Puerto Rican population count, especially if they have ancestry of at least one parent born in target country – for example people of Dominican, Cuban, or Mexican etc ancestry born in Puerto Rico and later returning to their ancestral country – wouldn't be counted in a Puerto Rican population count, but likely rather counted as a "returning emigrant". Similarly, Puerto Ricans born in the mainland United States would be counted under an "American" statistic, so the Puerto Rican populations abroad may be slightly larger as some may be stateside-born and counted as "American" rather than "Puerto Rican" on local government statistics on immigrants.<ref>[19]</ref><ref name="oecd-ilibrary.org">El panorama de la migración en República Dominicana: Cuadro 2.4. Los Haitianos son el principal grupo de inmigrantes</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Los extranjeros en México Template:Webarchive</ref>

Language

Spanish and English are the official languages of the entire Commonwealth. A 1902 English-only language law was abolished on April 5, 1991. Then on January 28, 1993, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico approved Law Number 1 again making Spanish and English the official languages of Puerto Rico.<ref name="Rivera 2015">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico. Template:Webarchive Muniz-Arguelles, Luis. University of Puerto Rico. 1986. Page 466. Retrieved December 4, 2012.</ref> All official business of the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. The official languages<ref>"Official Language," Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.</ref> of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico<ref>Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), p. 588-589. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Espanol: Idioma del proceso judicial," 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma," 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).</ref> are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population.

Puerto Rican Spanish is the dominant language of business, education and daily life on the island.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The US Census Bureau's 2015 update provides the following:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 94.1% of adults speak Spanish, 5.8% speak only English and little to no Spanish, 78.3% do not speak English "very well", 15.8% are fully bilingual in both English and Spanish, 0.1% speak other languages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Public school instruction in Puerto Rico is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from teaching staff are common, perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English.<ref>Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish. Template:Webarchive Danica Coto. Huffington Latino Voices. 05/08/12 (May 8, 2012). Retrieved December 4, 2012.</ref> English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school.

Puerto Rico is home to a sizeable deaf community; the actual numbers are unknown due to unavailable source data.<ref name="PRSL"/> A 1986 estimate places the Puerto Rican deaf population between 8,000 and 40,000.<ref>Template:E18</ref> Due to ongoing colonization from the US mainland, the larger American Sign Language (ASL) is supplanting the local Puerto Rican Sign Language (PRSL, also known as LSPR: Lenguaje de Señas Puertorriqueño).<ref name="PRSL">Template:Cite thesis</ref> Although assumed to be a dialect or variant of ASL, the degree of mutual intelligibility between Puerto Rican Sign Language is currently unknown, as is whether it is even a Francosign language like ASL. Indeed, there is a hesitancy amongst Puerto Rican Deaf to even mention LSPR after heavy-handed oralist education of English, Spanish, and Signed English.<ref name="PRSL"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Today, there is much contact between ASL, PRSL, and Signed Spanish.<ref name="PRSL"/>

The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. While the Spanish spoken in all Iberian, Mediterranean and Atlantic Spanish Maritime Provinces was brought to the island over the centuries, the most profound regional influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico has been from that spoken in the present-day Canary Islands. The Spanish of Puerto Rico also includes occasional Taíno words, typically in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods, music or dances.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Religion

There are many religious beliefs represented in the island. Religious breakdown in Puerto Rico (as of 2006) is given in the table on the right.<ref>Religions Retrieved June 9, 2009. Template:Webarchive</ref>

Religion	Adherents	% of Population
Christian	3,752,544	97.00%
Non-religious/other	76,598	1.98%
Spiritist	27,080	0.70%
Muslim	5,029	0.13%
Hindu	3,482	0.09%
Jewish	2,708	0.07%
Buddhist	1,161	0.03%

The majority of Puerto Ricans in the island are Christians. Spiritists have a large secondary following. Muslims, Hindus, Jews, and Buddhists all have a small presence as well. Roman Catholicism has been the main Christian denomination among Puerto Ricans since the arrival of the Spanish in the 15th century, but the presence of Protestant, Mormon, Pentecostal, and Jehovah's Witnesses denominations has increased under U.S. sovereignty, making modern Puerto Rico an inter-denominational, multi-religious community. The Afro-Caribbean religion Santería is also practiced.

In 1998, a news report stated that "Puerto Rico [was] no longer predominantly Catholic". Pollster Pablo Ramos wrote that the population was 38% Roman Catholic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% were members of independent churches.<ref>The San Juan Star, Sunday, April 12, 1998: "Study reflects growing numbers of churchgoers".</ref> However, an Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that "more than 70 percent of [Puerto Ricans] identify themselves as Catholic".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The CIA World Factbook reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Political and international status

Template:Puerto Ricans Puerto Ricans became citizens of the United States as a result of the passage of the Jones–Shafroth Act of 1917. Since this law was the result of Congressional legislation, and not the result of an amendment to the United States Constitution, the current U.S. citizenship of Puerto Ricans can be revoked by Congress,<ref>Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status. Template:Webarchive The White House. Washington, D.C. Appendix E. December 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2012.</ref> as they are statutory citizens, not 14th Amendment citizens.<ref>Latino/a Thought: Culture, Politics, and Society. Template:Webarchive Francisco H. Vazquez. Page 372. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2012.</ref> The Jones Act established that Puerto Ricans born prior to 1899 were considered naturalized citizens of Puerto Rico, and anyone born after 1898 were U.S. citizens, unless the Puerto Rican expressed his/her intentions to remain a Spanish subject. Since 1948, it was decided by Congress that all Puerto Ricans, whether born within the United States or in Puerto Rico, were naturally born United States citizens.

Puerto Ricans and other U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote in presidential elections as that is a right reserved by the U.S. Constitution to admitted states and the District of Columbia through the Electoral College system. Nevertheless, both the Democratic Party and Republican Party, while not fielding candidates for public office in Puerto Rico, provide the islands with state-sized voting delegations at their presidential nominating conventions. Delegate selection processes frequently have resulted in presidential primaries being held in Puerto Rico. U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico do not elect U.S. representatives or senators. However, Puerto Rico is represented in the House of Representatives by an elected representative commonly known as the Resident Commissioner, who has the same duties and obligations as a representative, with the exception of being able to cast votes on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The Resident Commissioner is elected by Puerto Ricans to a four-year term and does serve on congressional committee. Puerto Ricans residing in the U.S. states have all rights and privileges of other U.S. citizens living in the states.

As statutory U.S. citizens, Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico may enlist in the U.S. military and have been included in the compulsory draft when it has been in effect. Puerto Ricans have fully participated in all U.S. wars and military conflicts since 1898, including World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War.

Since 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. In order to be eligible, applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican-born parent; or be an American citizen with at least one year residence in Puerto Rico. The citizenship is internationally recognized by Spain, which considers Puerto Rico to be an Ibero-American nation. Therefore, Puerto Rican citizens have the ability to apply for Spanish citizenship after only two years residency in Spain (instead of the standard 10 years).

Puerto Rican voters, despite not voting in the 2024 election for the President on the island, nevertheless were a surprisingly important political "hot potato" for both parties, due to the large number of Puerto Rican voters on the mainland.<ref>NBC News - Puerto Rico isn’t on the 2024 map, but Biden is betting big on voters from the island By Gabe Gutierrez March 22, 2024</ref>

Decolonization and status referendums

Since 1953, the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization." In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The UN's Special Committee has referred often to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity.<ref name="Implementation 1971">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pages 14–15. Template:Webarchive</ref> Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Puerto Rico has held four referendums to determine whether to retain its status as a territory or to switch to some other status such as statehood. The fourth, the Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012 occurred on November 6, 2012. The result a 54% majority of the ballots cast against the continuation of the island's territorial political status, and in favor of a new status. Of votes for new status, a 61.1% majority chose statehood.<ref name="cbsnews1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates. In all earlier referenda, votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an American territory, with the remainder for independence. Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum.<ref name="letpuertoricodecide1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time, CNN, November 7, 2012</ref>

The fifth Puerto Rican status referendum of 2017, was held on June 11, 2017, and offered three options: "Statehood", "Independence/Free Association", and "Current Territorial Status." With 23% of registered voters casting ballots, 97% voted for statehood.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Benefits of statehood would include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.<ref name="wapo-2017-coto-danica">Template:Cite news</ref>

Even with the Puerto Ricans' vote for statehood, action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution.<ref name="wapo-2017-coto-danica" />

See also

• Criollo people
• Demographics of Puerto Rico
• Hispanics
• History of Puerto Ricans
• History of Puerto Rico
• History of women in Puerto Rico
• List of Puerto Rican Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
• List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
• List of Puerto Ricans
• List of Stateside Puerto Ricans
• Military history of Puerto Rico
• Nuyoricans
• Puerto Rican citizenship
• Puerto Rican migration to New York
• Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
• Puerto Ricans in the United States

Further reading

• "Adiós, Borinquen querida": The Puerto Rican Diaspora, Its History, and Contributions, by Edna Acosta-Belen, et al. (Albany, New York: Center for Latino, Latin American, and Caribbean Studies, SUNY-Albany, 2000)
• Boricua Hawaiiana: Puerto Ricans of Hawaii—Reflections of the Past and Mirrors of the Future, by Blase Camacho Souza (Honolulu: Puerto Rican Heritage Society of Hawaii, 1982)
• Boricua Literature: A Literary History of the Puerto Rican Diaspora, by Lisa Sénchez González (New York: New York University Press, 2001)
• Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture, by Frances Negrón-Muntaner (New York: New York University Press, 2004)
• Yo soy Boricua in "United States of Banana", by Giannina Braschi (AmazonCrossing, 2011)
• Boricuas: Influential Puerto Rican Writings, by Roberto Santiago (New York: One World, 1995)
• Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City, edited by Gabriel Haslip-Viera, Angelo Falcón and Félix Matos Rodríguez (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004)
• Taino-tribe.org, PR Taíno DNA study

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline