Boykos

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Бойки

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| label11 = Template:Flagcountry | data11 = 131 (2001)<ref name="UCensus2001">Ukrainian Census 2001</ref> | label12 = Template:Flagcountry | data12 = 258 (2011)<ref name="stat">Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (National Census of Population and Housing 2011). GUS. 2013. p. 264.</ref> | label13 = Template:Flagcountry | data13 = | label14 = | data14 = | label15 = | data15 = | label16 = | data16 = | label17 = | data17 = | label18 = | data18 = | label19 = | data19 = | label20 = | data20 = | label21 = | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = | data28 = | label29 = | data29 = | label30 = | data30 = | label31 = | data31 = | label32 = | data32 = | label33 = | data33 = | label34 = | data34 = | label35 = | data35 = | label36 = | data36 = | label37 = | data37 = | label38 = | data38 = | label39 = | data39 = | label40 = | data40 = | label41 = | data41 = | label42 = | data42 = | label43 = | data43 = | label44 = | data44 = | label45 = | data45 = | label46 = | data46 = | label47 = | data47 = | label48 = | data48 = | label49 = | data49 = | label50 = | data50 = | label51 = | data51 = | label52 = | data52 = | label53 = | data53 = | label54 = | data54 = | label55 = | data55 = | label56 = | data56 = | label57 = | data57 = | label58 = | data58 = | label59 = | data59 = | label60 = | data60 = | header61 = {{#if:Rusyn or Boyko dialect of Ukrainian language
Slovak |Languages}} | data62 = Rusyn or Boyko dialect of Ukrainian language
Slovak | header63 = {{#if:Eastern Catholic, Orthodox Christianity |Religion}} | data64 = Eastern Catholic, Orthodox Christianity | header65 = {{#if:Lemkos Template:· Hutsuls |Related ethnic groups}} | data66 = {{#if:Lemkos Template:· Hutsuls |Lemkos Template:· Hutsuls Template:Main other }}

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The Boykos or Boikos (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx), or simply Highlanders (Template:Langx; Template:Langx), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Along with the neighbouring Lemkos and Hutsuls, the Boykos are a regional subgroup of Ukrainians.<ref name="Schaefer">[Richard T.Schaefer (ed.), 2008, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1, Sage Publications, p. 1341. </ref><ref name="Olson"> James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas & Nicholas Charles Pappas, 1994, An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires, Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 109–110.</ref> However, the diaspora outside of western Ukraine are often considered a sub-group of Rusyns who speak a distinct East Slavic dialect.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.

EtymologyEdit

File:Dolyna local history museum of Tatiana and Omelan Antonovych 1.jpg

Museum of Boyko culture, Dolyna

Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses,<ref name="EIU2003">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> but it is generally considered, as explained by priest Joseph Levytsky in his Hramatyka (1831), that it derives from the particle {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="IEOU">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (< bo-i-je >), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population.<ref name="Dictionary1962">Template:Cite book</ref> The 19th-century scholar Pavel Jozef Šafárik, with whom Franjo Rački and Henry Hoyle Howorth agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region of Boiki mentioned in the 10th century De Administrando Imperio,<ref name="IEOU"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but this thesis is outdated and rejected,<ref name="Dictionary1962"/> as most scholars, Mykhailo Hrushevsky among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century because Boiki is a clear reference to Bohemia, which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii.<ref name="Hrushevsky1997">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Moravcsik1949">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The derivation from Boii,<ref name="EIU2003"/> is also disputed because there is not enough evidence.<ref name="IEOU"/> They are also called Vrchovints (Highlanders).<ref name="UNESCO">Template:Cite press release</ref> As in the case of Hutsuls and Lemkos, they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.<ref name="EIU2007">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Some people otherwise identifiable as Boykos regard that name as derogatory and call themselves highlanders (verkhovyntsi).<ref name="IEOU" />

OriginEdit

File:Map of Ukrainian dialects en.png

Map of Ukrainian dialects (2005). Boyko dialect (13)

Boykos are either considered one of the descendants of East Slavic tribes, specifically White Croats who lived in the region,<ref name="EIU2003"/><ref name="IEOU"/><ref name="Magocsi1995">Template:Cite journal</ref> possibly also Ulichs who arrived from the East,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or Vlach shepherds who later immigrated from Transylvania.<ref name="Magocsi1995"/>

DemographyEdit

In the Boyko Region (Template:Langx, Boyko: and Template:Langx), there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos.<ref name="IEOU"/><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> They also lived in Sanok, Lesko and Przemyśl County of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in Poland, before the Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine and the forced relocation of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Poland in 1947.<ref name="GRE">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, in 2016 renamed Telmanove Raion into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported from Czarna, Bieszczady County (today in Poland) after the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.<ref name="GRE"/>

In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos as an ethnicity distinct from Ukrainians is controversial.<ref>Professor Ivan Pop: Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia(Encyclopedija Podkarpatskoj Rusi). Uzhhorod, 2000.</ref><ref>Paul Robert Magocsi, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture . University of Toronto Press, June 2002.</ref><ref>Tom Trier (1998), Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine</ref> The deprecated and archaic term Ruthenian, while also derived from Rus', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and Ukrainians, as well as Belarusians and in some cases Russians, depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians.<ref name="UCensus2001"/> This is also on top of many attempts within the USSR and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.<ref name="stat"/>

LocationEdit

Poland: southeasternmost part of Poland (Podkarpackie Voivodeship).
Ukraine: central and western half of the Carpathians in Ukraine across such regions as the southern Lviv Oblast (Stryi, Drohobych, and Sambir Raions), western Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Kalush Raion) and parts of the northeastern Zakarpattia Oblast (Mizhhiria Raion)
Northeast Slovakia

To the west of Boykos live Lemkos, east or southeast Hutsuls, northward Dnistrovyans, Opolyans.

Бойки.png

Areas of Boyko settlement on the border of Ukraine (right) and Poland (left)
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Ethnographic groups of southeasternmost Poland, Boykos in dark blue.
Bojky001.jpg

Boyko family. Dolyna district. 1898
Бойки.jpg

Boyko family. Beginning of the XX century
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Boyko inhabitants of Galicia, lithograph from 1837
Boiko from Beskydy.jpg

Boyko man, 1925–1939.
Boykos 2.jpg

Boyko family, prewar.
Boykivshchyna (2).jpg

Boyko family, prewar.
Tucholka. Bojkiwska chata 1903.jpg

Boyko hut, 1903
Bojkhata.JPG

interior of the Boyko hut. Museum of Culture and Life of Boykivshchyna

ReligionEdit

Most Boykos belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, with a minority belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.

DrohobychCer3.JPG

St. George's Church, Drohobych
Krivki church.jpg

A traditional Boyko church in Lviv
Rosolin, cerkiew św. Onufrego (HB1).jpg

Wooden Boyko church of St. Onuphrius in Rosolin
Михайлівська церква (дер.) 1700 р. Вишка 7661-HDR.jpg

Boyko church of Saint Michael, Vyshka
Церква Зіслання Святого Духа (1804).jpg

Boyko church of the Pentecost in Verkhnya Rozhanka
Гукливий, Церква Св. Духа 2010 (6074).jpg

Holy Spirit church in Huklyvyi
Matkiv.jpg

Saint Demetrius church, Matkiv

Notable peopleEdit

Yuriy Drohobych (1450–1494), first doctor of medicine in Ukraine, rector of the University of Bologna (1481–1482), professor at Jagiellonian University (1488).<ref name="EIU2003"/>
Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny (1582–1622), Ukrainian political and civic leader, Hetman of Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossacks (1616–1622).<ref name="EIU2003"/>
Ivan Franko (1856–1916), Ukrainian poet, writer and political activist.<ref name="EIU2003"/>