Bunny Lee
Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox musical artist
Edward O'Sullivan Lee OD (23 August 1941 – 6 October 2020), better known as Bunny "Striker" Lee, was a Jamaican record producer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was known as a pioneer of the United Kingdom reggae market, licensing his productions to Trojan Records in the early 1970s, and later working with Lee "Scratch" Perry and King Tubby.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Bunny Lee was born on 23 August 1941<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and grew up in the Greenwich Farm area of Kingston, where his father was a shoemaker.<ref name="Burrell">Burrell, Ian (2014) "Jamaican music producer Bunny 'Striker' Lee: Rewinding a career that never missed a beat", The Independent, 11 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014</ref>
CareerEdit
Lee began his career working as a record plugger for Duke Reid's Treasure Isle label in 1962,<ref name="Larkin">Larkin, Colin:"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae", 1998, Virgin Books, Template:ISBN</ref> later performing the same duties for Leslie Kong.<ref name="Barrow">Barrow, Steve and Dalton, Peter:"Reggae: The Rough Guide", 1997, Rough Guides, Template:ISBN</ref> He then moved on to work with Ken Lack, initially in an administrative role, before taking on engineering duties.<ref name="Thompson">Thompson, Dave (2002) Reggae & Caribbean Music, Backbeat Books, Template:ISBN, p. 313</ref> Lee then moved into producing (i.e. financing) records himself, his first hit record coming with Roy Shirley's "Music Field" on WIRL in 1967.<ref name="Larkin" /><ref>Turner, Michael and Schoenfeld, Robert, Eds. "Roots Knotty Roots". Nighthawk Records.</ref> Lee then set up his own Lee's label, the first release being Lloyd Jackson's "Listen to the Beat".<ref name="Thompson" /> He produced further hits during 1967–68 by Lester Sterling and Stranger Cole, Derrick Morgan, Slim Smith and The Uniques ("My Conversation"), Pat Kelly, and The Sensations, establishing him as one of Jamaica's top producers.<ref name="Larkin" /> Between 1969 and 1972 he produced classic hits including Slim Smith's "Everybody Needs Love", Max Romeo's "Wet Dream", Delroy Wilson's "Better Must Come", Eric Donaldson's "Cherry Oh Baby", and John Holt's "Stick By Me".<ref name="Burrell" /><ref name="Larkin" />
Lee was a pioneer of the United Kingdom reggae market, licensing his productions to the Palmer Brothers (Pama) and Trojan Records in the early 1970s.<ref name="Barrow" />
The mid-1970s saw Lee work with his most successful singer,<ref name="Barrow" /> Johnny Clarke, as well as Owen Gray and Cornell Campbell, and along with Lee "Scratch" Perry, he broke the dominance of Coxsone Dodd and Duke Reid.<ref name="Larkin" /> This era also saw the emergence of the "flying cymbal" sound on Lee's productions, developed by drummer Carlton 'Santa' Davis,<ref name="Barrow" /> with Lee's session band, The Aggrovators ("flying symbol" technique was started by Winston Grennan, who shared it with Davis).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Lee was instrumental in producing early dub music, working with his friend and dub pioneer King Tubby in the early 1970s. Lee and Tubby were experimenting with new production techniques which Lee described as "implements of sound."<ref name="CoxWarner2004">Template:Cite book</ref> Working with equipment that today would be considered primitive and limiting, they produced tracks that consisted of mostly the rhythm parts mixed with distorted or altered versions of a song.<ref>"Replicant: On Dub" by David Toop; Chapter 51, Pages 355–356.</ref>
With all the bass and drum ting now, dem ting just start by accident, a man sing off key, an when you a reach a dat you drop out everything an leave the drum, an lick in the bass, an cause a confusion an people like it...
Lee encouraged Tubby to mix increasingly wild dubs, sometimes including sound effects such as thunder claps and gunshots. In addition to King Tubby, dub mixers Prince Jammy and Philip Smart also worked extensively on Lee's productions, with most of Lee's dubs from 1976 onwards mixed by Jammy.<ref name="Barrow"/>
In addition to dub sides and instrumentals, Lee would be one of the first producers to realise the potential of reusing the same rhythm tracks time and time again with different singers and deejays,<ref name="Barrow"/> partly out of necessity – unlike some of the other major producers Lee did not have his own studio and had to make the most of the studio time he paid for. The latter half of the 1970s saw Lee work with some of Jamaica's top new talent, including Linval Thompson, Leroy Smart, and Barry Brown. Template:Citation needed
By 1977 Joe Gibbs and Channel One Studios with the Hookim Brothers became "the place to be", reducing Lee's prominence. However, during the late 1970s Lee produced almost every deejay, notably Dennis Alcapone, U-Roy, I-Roy, Prince Jazzbo, U Brown, Dr Alimantado, Jah Stitch, Trinity, and Tapper Zukie. Most of these were quick productions, usually to classic Studio One or Treasure Isle riddims. The aim was to get deejay versions on the street quickly and were usually voiced at Tubby's studio in the Waterhouse district of Kingston. In the early 1980s, Lee purchased Gibbs' studio in Duhaney Park, and continued producing, albeit on a less prolific basis than in the 1970s.<ref name="Thompson" />
In 1983, Lee produced the first album by future star Beenie Man, titled The Invincible Beany Man - The 10 Year Old D.J. Wonder.Template:Citation needed
In March 2015, a fire at Lee's Gorgon Entertainment Studio destroyed equipment with a value estimated by Lee at JA$100 million.<ref name="Razed">Morgan, Simone (2015) "Bunny Lee's studio razed Template:Webarchive", Jamaica Observer, 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015</ref>
In March 2020, Lee produced his last dub for the project "Sly & Robbie vs Roots Radics: 'The Dub Battle'". The song was "Dub My Mind" by Sly & Robbie feat. the Mighty Diamonds. https://dubblog.de/en/sly-robbie-vs-roots-radics-the-dub-battle/
RecognitionEdit
In 1982 an episode of the Channel 4 documentary series Deep Roots was dedicated to Lee. Filmed in the control room of King Tubby's studio, it included a lengthy conversation with him and some of the musicians he has worked with over the years including Delroy Wilson, Johnny Clarke, Prince Jazzbo and Jackie Edwards. It then shows Lee producing a dub while Prince Jammy mixes. The program was released on DVD in January 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2008 he was awarded the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican Government in recognition of his contribution to Jamaican music.<ref name="Burrell" />
In 2013 a documentary film was released, I Am The Gorgon – Bunny 'Striker' Lee and the Roots of Reggae, directed by Diggory Kenrick, telling the story of Lee's life from childhood to the present, featuring U Roy, Dennis Alcapone, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Sly and Robbie, Johnny Clarke, John Holt and others.<ref name="Burrell" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Personal lifeEdit
Lee had one son, Errol Lee (born 1968), with singer Marlene Webber. Errol was believed to be running a non-profit organisation, Caring Kids' Concerts, which mentors young people using music, as of October 2020.<ref name =myherald>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At the time of Lee's death, his wife was Annette Wong-Lee, mother to four of his children: two sons, Edward Jr. and Kirk, and two daughters, Toni Ann and Bonnie Lee.<ref name =dancehall2020/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
DeathEdit
Lee died at the age of 79 from heart failure on 6 October 2020. He had been suffering from several health issues, including kidney problems relating to diabetes, for some time.<ref name =dancehall2020>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nme071020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- CD Times meets Bunny Lee
- {{#if:Bunny Lee|Template:PAGENAMEBASE discography at Discogs|{{#if:Template:Wikidata|Template:Wikidata Template:PAGENAMEBASE discography at DiscogsTemplate:EditAtWikidata|Template:PAGENAMEBASE discography at Discogs}}}}
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