Incubator escapee wiki

California Air Resources Board

Article Discussion
(Redirected from CARB)

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox Government agency

The California Air Resources Board (CARB or ARB) is an agency of the government of California that aims to reduce air pollution. Established in 1967 when then-governor Ronald Reagan signed the Mulford-Carrell Act, combining the Bureau of Air Sanitation and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, CARB is a department within the cabinet-level California Environmental Protection Agency.

The stated goals of CARB include attaining and maintaining healthy air quality; protecting the public from exposure to toxic air contaminants; and providing innovative approaches for complying with air pollution rules and regulations. CARB has also been instrumental in driving innovation throughout the global automotive industry through programs such as its ZEV mandate.

One of CARB's responsibilities is to define vehicle emissions standards. California is the only state permitted to issue emissions standards under the federal Clean Air Act, subject to a waiver from the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Other states may choose to follow CARB or the federal vehicle emission standards, but may not set their own.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GovernanceEdit

California Air Resources Board leadership<ref name=Leadership />
Name Affiliation Appointed Term ends
Liane M. Randolph Chair Template:Dts Template:Dts
Cliff Rechtschaffen Public Member Template:Dts Template:Dts
John R. Balmes, MD Physician Template:Dts Template:Dts
Hector De La Torre Assembly Template:Dts Template:Dts
John Eisenhut Agriculture Template:Dts Template:Dts
Todd Gloria San Diego APCD Template:Dts Template:Dts
Dean Florez Senate Template:Dts Template:Dts
Corey A. Jackson, DSW Ex Officio (Assembly) Template:Dts
Lynda Hopkins Bay Area AQMD Template:Dts Template:Dts
Patricia Lock Dawson South Coast AQMD Template:Dts Template:Dts
Henry Stern Ex Officio (Senate) Template:Dts
Tania Pacheco-Werner, PhD San Joaquin Valley APCD Template:Dts Template:Dts
Eric Guerra Sacramento Region Air Districts Member Template:Dts Template:Dts
Susan Shaheen, PhD Automotive Member Template:Dts Template:Dts
Dawn Ortiz-Legg Air District Member Template:Dts Template:Dts
Diane Tavorkian Public Template:Dts Template:Dts

CARB's governing board is made up of 16 members, with two non-voting members appointed for legislative oversight, one each by the California State Assembly and Senate. 12 of the 14 voting members are appointed by the governor and subject to confirmation by the Senate: five from local air districts, four air pollution subject-matter experts, two members of the public, and the Chair. The other two voting members are appointed from environmental justice committees by the Assembly and Senate.<ref name=Leadership />

Five of the governor-appointed board members are chosen from regional air pollution control or air quality management districts, including one each from:<ref name=Leadership>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Four governor-appointed board members are subject matter experts in specific fields: automotive engineering, currently Susan Shaheen, Ph.D.; science, agriculture, or law, currently John Eisenhut; medicine, currently John R. Balmes, M.D.; and air pollution control. The governor is also responsible for two appointees from members of the public, and the final governor appointee is the Board's Chair. The first Chair of CARB was Dr. Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, who was previously a professor at the California Institute of Technology and started research into air pollution in 1948. Dr. Haagen-Smit is credited with discovering the source of smog in California, which led to the development of air pollution controls and standards.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In honor of his legacy, CARB started the Haagen-Smit Clean Air Awards program in 2001 to recognize individuals who have had significant accomplishments in the field of air quality and climate change.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The two legislature-appointed board members work directly with communities affected by air pollution. They are currently Hector De La Torre and Dean Florez, appointed by the Assembly and Senate respectively.

Organizational structureEdit

CARB is a part of the California Environmental Protection Agency, an organization which reports directly to the Governor's Office in the Executive Branch of California State Government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CARB has 15 divisions and offices:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Office of the Chair
  • Executive Office
  • Office of Community Air Protection
  • Air Quality Planning and Science Division
  • Emission Certification and Compliance Division
  • Enforcement Division
  • Industrial Strategies Division
  • Mobile Source Control Division
  • Mobile Source Laboratory Division
  • Monitoring and Laboratory Division
  • Research Division
  • Sustainable Transportation and Communities Division
  • Transportation and Toxics Division
  • Office of Information Services
  • Administrative Services Division

Air Quality Planning and Science DivisionEdit

File:THE LOS ANGELES REACTIVE POLLUTANT PROGRAM (LARPP), IS A UNIQUE, MULTI-AGENCY AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH STUDY SPONSORED... - NARA - 552386.jpg
California Air Resources Board Laboratory, Los Angeles, in 1973

The division assesses the extent of California's air quality problems and the progress being made to abate them, coordinates statewide development of clean air plans and maintains databases pertinent to air quality and emissions. The division's technical support work provides a basis for clean air plans and CARB's regulatory programs. This support includes management and interpretation of emission inventories, air quality data, meteorological data and of air quality modeling.<ref name=PTSD>ARB's Planning and Technical Support Division Template:Webarchive, arb.ca.gov; accessed February 28, 2015.</ref><ref name="org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Air Quality Planning and Science Division has five branches:<ref name="org"/>

File:SCIENTISTS WITH PHOTOCHEMICAL TUBE REACTOR MANUFACTURE SMOG AT THE STATEWIDE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH CENTER - NARA - 549627.jpg
Researchers at the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center manufacture smog using a photochemical tube reactor (May 1972).

Atmospheric Modeling & Support SectionEdit

The Atmospheric Modeling & Support Section is one of three sections within the Modeling & Meteorology Branch. The other two sections are the Regional Air Quality Modeling Section and the Meteorology Section.<ref name="PTSD"/>

The air quality and atmospheric pollution dispersion models<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> routinely used by this Section include a number of the models recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The section uses models which were either developed by CARB or whose development was funded by CARB, such as:

  • CALPUFFTemplate:Spaced ndashOriginally developed by the Sigma Research Company (SRC) under contract to CARB. Currently maintained by the TRC Solution Company under contract to the U.S. EPA.
  • CALGRIDTemplate:Spaced ndashDeveloped by CARB and currently maintained by CARB.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • SARMAPTemplate:Spaced ndashDeveloped by CARB and currently maintained by CARB.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Role in reducing greenhouse gasesEdit

Template:See Also The California Air Resources Board is charged with implementing California's comprehensive suite of policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In part due to CARB, California has successfully decoupled greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, and achieved its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years earlier than the target date of 2020.<ref name="CARBrelease">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Alternative Fuel Vehicle Incentive ProgramEdit

Alternative Fuel Vehicle Incentive Program (also known as Fueling Alternatives) is funded by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), offered throughout the State of California and administered by the California Center for Sustainable Energy (CCSE).<ref name=CARBFuelAlt>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Low-Emission Vehicle ProgramEdit

The CARB first adopted the Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) Program standards in 1990 to address smog-forming pollutants,<ref name=TwoBillion/><ref name=LEV-I /> which covered automobiles sold in California from 1994 through 2003. An amendment to the LEV Program, known as LEV II, was adopted in 1999, and covered vehicles for the 2004 through 2014 model years.<ref name=LEV-II/> Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission regulations were adopted in 2004 starting for the 2009 model year, and are named the "Pavley" standards after Assemblymember Fran Pavley, who had written Assembly Bill 1493 in 2002 to establish them.<ref name=Pavley>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite California statute direct URL</ref> A second amendment, LEV III, was adopted in 2012, and covers vehicles sold from 2015 onward for both smog (superseding LEV II) and GHG (superseding Pavley) emissions.<ref name=LEV-III/><ref name=CARB-LEV>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The rules created under the LEV Program have been codified as specific sections in Title 13 of the California Code of Regulations;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in general, LEV I is § 1960.1; LEV II is § 1961; Pavley is § 1961.1; LEV III is § 1961.2 (smog-forming pollutants) and 1961.3 (GHG). The ZEV regulations, which were initially part of LEV I, have been broken out separately into § 1962.<ref name=CA-LEV-Regs>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

For comparison, the average new car sold in 1965 would produce approximately Template:Convert of hydrocarbons over Template:Convert of driving; under the LEV I standards, the average new car sold in 1998 was projected to produce hydrocarbon emissions of Template:Convert over the same distance, and under LEV II, the average new car in 2010 would further reduce hydrocarbon emissions to Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Required labelingEdit

Global warming and smog scores
Global
warming
score 		Template:Chem
(g/mi) 		Smog
score 		MY (2009) 2013–2017Template:Efn<ref name=Chiladakis>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

MY 2018+Template:Efn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

CA
LEV II		 EPA
Tier 2		 NMOG+Template:Chem
(g/mi)		 CA
LEV III		 EPA
Tier 3		 NMOG+Template:Chem
(g/mi)
10 <200 10 ZEV Bin 1 0.000 ZEV Bin 0 0.000
9 200–239 9 AT PZEV, PZEV — 0.030 — —
8 240–279 8 SULEV Bin 2 0.030 SULEV20 Bin 20 0.020
7 280–319 7 — Bin 3 0.085 SULEV30 Bin 30 0.030
6 320–359 6 — Bin 4 0.110 ULEV50 Bin 50 0.050
5 360–399 5 ULEV — 0.125 ULEV70 Bin 70 0.070
4 400–439 4 LEV Bin 5 0.160 — —
3 440–479 3 — Bin 6 0.190 – 0.200 ULEV125 Bin 125 0.125
2 480–519 2 — Bin 7 0.240 — —
1 ≥520 1 —Template:Efn Bin 8a 0.325 LEV160 Bin 160 0.160
Notes
Template:Notelist

In 2005, the California State Assembly passed AB 1229, which required all new vehicles manufactured after January 1, 2009 to bear an Environmental Performance Label, which scored the emissions performance of the vehicle on two scales ranging between 1 (worst) and 10 (best): one for global warming (emissions of GHG such as Template:Chem, Template:Chem, air conditioning refrigerants, and Template:Chem) and one for smog-forming compounds (non-methane organic gases (NMOG), Template:Chem, and Template:Chem).<ref name="Chiladakis"/><ref>Template:Cite California statute direct URL</ref> The Federal Government followed suit and required a similar "smog score" on new vehicles sold starting in 2013; the standards were realigned for labels applied to 2018 model year vehicles.

Vehicle categoriesEdit

The LEV program has established several categories of reduced emissions vehicles. LEV I defined LEV and ULEV vehicles, and added TLEV and Tier 1 temporary classifications that would not be sold after 2003. LEV II added SULEV and PZEV vehicles, and LEV III tightened emission standards. The actual emission levels depend on the standards in use.

LEV I defined emission limits for several different classes of vehicle, including passenger cars (PC), light-duty trucks (LDT), and medium-duty vehicles (MDV). Heavy-duty vehicles were specifically excluded from LEV I. LEV I also defined a loaded vehicle weight (LVW) as the vehicle's Curb weight plus an allowance of Template:Convert. In general, the most stringent standards were applied to passenger cars and light-duty trucks with a LVW up to Template:Convert (these "light" LDTs were later denoted LDT1 under LEV II).<ref name=LEV-I/> LEV II increased the scope of vehicles classed as light-duty trucks to encompass a higher GVWR up to Template:Convert, compared to the LEV I standard of Template:Convert. In addition, LEV I had defined less stringent limits for heavier LDTs (denoted LDT2 with a LVW Template:Convert); LEV II closed that discrepancy and defined a single emissions standard for all PCs and LDTs.<ref name=LEV-II/> Under LEV III, medium-duty passenger vehicles (MDPV) were brought under the most stringent standards alongside PCs and LDTs.<ref name=LEV-III/>

Vehicle classes under the LEV regulations<ref name=LEV-I/><ref name=LEV-II/><ref name=LEV-III/>
Class Abbr. GVWR Notes
Passenger car PC — Designed primarily for transportation of persons with a design capacity of ≤12 people.
Light-duty truck LDT ≤Template:ConvertTemplate:Efn Designed primarily for transportation of property, derivatives of those, or available with special features for off-street use. LDT1 was defined as those with LVW up to Template:Convert, and LDT2 was defined as those with LVW from Template:Convert.
≤Template:ConvertTemplate:Efn
Medium-duty vehicle MDV ≤Template:ConvertTemplate:Efn Any non-passenger vehicle with a GVWR >Template:Convert and less than the limits shown here.
≤Template:ConvertTemplate:Efn
Notes
Template:Notelist

Smog-forming compound emissions limitsEdit

Rather than providing a single standard for vehicles based on age, purpose, and weight, the LEV I standards introduced different tiers of limits for smog-forming compound emissions starting in the 1995 model year. After 2003, LEV was the minimum standard to be met.<ref name=LEV-I />

California Emissions StandardsTemplate:EfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Category NMOGTemplate:Efn+Template:ChemTemplate:Efn Template:Chem PMTemplate:Efn Template:Chem
LEV ITemplate:Efn<ref name=LEV-I>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

LEV IITemplate:Efn<ref name=LEV-II>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

LEV IIITemplate:Efn<ref name=LEV-III>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

LEV ITemplate:Efn LEV IITemplate:Efn LEV IIITemplate:Efn LEV ITemplate:Efn LEV IITemplate:Efn LEV IIITemplate:Efn LEV ITemplate:Efn LEV IITemplate:Efn LEV IIITemplate:Efn
Tier 1Template:Efn 0.91Template:EfnTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn — — 4.2Template:Efn — — — — — —Template:Efn — —
TLEVTemplate:Efn 0.756Template:Efn — — 4.2 — — 0.08 — — 0.018 — —
LEV LEV160 0.390Template:Efn 0.160Template:Efn 0.160 4.2 4.2 4.2 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.018 0.018 0.004
ULEV ULEV125 0.355Template:Efn 0.125Template:Efn 0.125 2.1 2.1 2.1 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.011 0.011 0.004
ULEV70 0.070 1.7
ULEV50 0.050
SULEVTemplate:Efn SULEV30 — 0.030Template:Efn 0.030 — 1.0 1.0 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.004 0.004
SULEV20 0.020
Notes
Template:Notelist

Greenhouse gas emissions limitsEdit

File:TRANSMISSION LINES AND RAILROAD NEAR SALTON SEA. DISTRICT OF LOS ANGELES SMOG OBSCURES THE SUN - NARA - 547711.jpg
Sunlight filtered through smog near Blythe, May 1972

CARB adopted regulations for limits on greenhouse gas emissions in 2004 starting with the 2009 model year to support the direction provided by AB 1493.<ref name="Pavley"/> In June 2005, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed Executive Order S-03-05, which required a reduction in California GHG emissions, targeting an 80% reduction compared to 1990 levels by 2050.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Assembly Bill 32, better known as the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, codified these requirements.<ref>Template:Cite California statute direct URL</ref>

CARB filed a waiver request with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Section 209(b) of the Clean Air Act in December 2005 to permit it to establish limits on greenhouse gas emissions; although the waiver request was initially denied in March 2008, it was later approved on June 30, 2009 after President Barack Obama signed a Presidential Memorandum directing the EPA to reconsider the waiver.<ref name="Pavley"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the initial denial, EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson stated the Clean Air Act was not "intended to allow California to promulgate state standards for emissions from new motor vehicles designed to address global climate change problems" and further, that he did not believe "the effects of climate change in California are compelling and extraordinary compared to the effects in the rest of the country."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Johnson's successor, Lisa P. Jackson, signed the waiver overturning Johnson's denial, writing that "EPA must grant California a waiver if California determines that its standards are, in the aggregate, at least as protective of the public health and welfare as applicable Federal standards." Jackson also noted that in the history of the waiver process, over 50 waivers had been granted and only one had been fully denied, namely the March 2008 denial of the GHG emissions regulation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Greenhouse gas fleet average emissions targets<ref name=Pavley-05 />
Model
Year		 (g/mi Template:Chem-equivalent)
PCs & LDT1s LDT2s & MDPVs
2009 323 439
2010 301 420
2011 267 390
2012 233 361
2013 227 355
2014 222 350
2015 213 341
2016+ 205 332

CARB decided to adopt regulation of GHG emissions under Executive Order G-05-061, which provided phase-in targets for fleet average GHG emissions in Template:Chem-equivalent grams per mile starting with the 2009 model year.<ref name=Pavley-05>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The calculation of Template:Chem-equivalent emissions was based on contributions from four different chemicals: Template:Chem, Template:Chem, Template:Chem, and air conditioning refrigerants.

The emissions in g/mi Template:Chem-equivalent are calculated according to the formula <math>CO_2^\mathrm{equivalent} = CO_2 + 296\times N_2O + 23\times CH_4 - AC^\mathrm{direct} - AC^\mathrm{indirect}</math>, which has two terms for direct and indirect emissions allowances of air conditioning refrigerants, depending on the refrigerant used, such as HFC134a, and the system design. Vehicles powered by alternative fuels use a slightly modified formula, <math>CO_2^\mathrm{equivalent} = (CO_2 + AC^\mathrm{indirect})\times F + 296\times N_2O + 23\times CH_4 + AC^\mathrm{direct}</math>, where <math>F</math> is a fuel adjustment factor depending on the alternative fuel used (1.03 for natural gas, 0.89 for LPG, and 0.74 for E85). ZEVs are also required to calculate GHG as the processes to generate the energy (or fuel) used also produce GHG. For ZEVs, <math>CO_2^\mathrm{equivalent} = U + AC^\mathrm{direct}</math>, where <math>U</math> is the upstream emissions factor (130 g/mi for battery electric vehicles, 210 for hydrogen/fuel cell, and 290 for hydrogen/internal combustion).<ref name=Pavley-05 /> Direct Template:Chem emissions could be calculated in a relatively straightforward fashion based on fuel consumption.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Manufacturers that do not wish to measure Template:Chem emissions may assume a value of 0.006 g/mi.<ref name=Pavley-05 /> An update was issued in 2010 which allowed manufacturers to calculate GHG emissions using CAFE data; for conventionally powered vehicles, the contribution from the nitrous oxide and methane terms could be assumed to be 1.9 g/mi.<ref name=Pavley-10>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CARB voted unanimously in March 2017 to require automakers to average Template:Convert for new cars in 2025.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Section 177 statesEdit

File:Section 177 states (2019).svg
Section 177 states:
Template:Pad• Template:Colorbox blue=LEV only
Template:Pad• Template:Colorbox green=LEV+ZEV
Template:Pad• Template:Colorbox red=LEV repealed
citation
CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref name=LEV-ZEV-factsheet /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

State LEV ZEV MY
CA Template:Yes Template:Yes 2005
CO Template:Yes Template:Yes 2022
CT Template:Yes Template:Yes 2008
DC Template:Yes Template:No 2012
DE Template:Yes Template:No 2014
MA Template:Yes Template:Yes 2009
MD Template:Yes Template:Yes 2011
ME Template:Yes Template:Yes 2009
MN Template:Yes Template:Yes 2025 (anticipated)
NJ Template:Yes Template:Yes 2009
NM Template:Yes Template:Yes 2026
NV Template:Yes Template:Yes 2025
NY Template:Yes Template:Yes 2009
OR Template:Yes Template:Yes 2009
PA Template:Yes Template:No 2008
RI Template:Yes Template:Yes 2009
VA Template:Yes Template:Yes 2025
VT Template:Yes Template:Yes 2009
WA Template:Yes Template:Yes 2009 (ZEV: 2025)

Because California had emissions regulations prior to the 1977 Clean Air Act, under Section 177 of that bill,<ref>Template:UnitedStatesCode</ref> other states may adopt the more stringent California emissions regulations as an alternative to federal standards. Thirteen other states and the District of Columbia have chosen to do so, and ten of those have additionally adopted the California Zero-Emission Vehicle regulations.<ref name="CARB-sec177"/><ref name=LEV-ZEV-factsheet>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> In December 2020, Minnesota announced its intention to adopt California LEV and ZEV rules;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> following a hearing before an administrative law judge in February 2021, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency adopted the California regulations.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In August 2022, Virginia, citing to a 2021 law, announced it would follow California regulations for ZEV registrations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Arizona and New Mexico had previously adopted California LEV regulations under Section 177, but later repealed those states' clean car standards in 2012<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 2013,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> respectively.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In Canada, the province of Quebec adopted CARB standards effective in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> CARB and the Government of Canada entered into a Memorandum of Understanding in June 2019 to cooperate on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Zero-Emission Vehicle ProgramEdit

The CARB Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program was enacted by the California government starting in 1990 to promote the use of zero emission vehicles.<ref name="Union of Concerned Scientists">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The program goal is to reduce the pervasive air pollution affecting the main metropolitan areas in the state, particularly in Los Angeles, where prolonged pollution episodes are frequent. The California ZEV rule was first adopted by CARB as part of the 1990 Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV I) Program.<ref name=TwoBillion>Template:Cite book</ref> The focus of the 1990 rules (ZEV-90) was to meet air quality standards for ozone rather than the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.<ref name=Staff-2009>Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Rp

Under LEV II in 1999, the ZEV regulations were moved to a separate section (13 CCR § 1962) and the requirements for ZEVs as a percentage of fleet sales was made more formal. Executive Order S-03-05 (2005) and Assembly Bills 1493 (2002) and 32 (2006) prompted CARB to reevaluate the ZEV program as last amended in 1996, which had been primarily concerned with reducing emissions of smog-forming pollutants.<ref name="Staff-2009"/> By the time AB 32 passed in 2006, vehicles complying with PZEV and AT PZEV standards had become commercially successful, and the ZEV program could then shift towards reducing both smog-forming compounds and greenhouse gases.<ref name="Staff-2009"/>

The next set of ZEV regulations were adopted in 2012 with LEV III. CARB put both LEV and ZEV rules together as the Advanced Clean Cars Program (ACC), adopted in 2012, which included regulations for cars sold through the 2025 model year. The regulations include updates to regulations for LEV III (for smog-forming emissions), LEV III GHG (for greenhouse gas emissions), and ZEV.<ref name=LEV3-2012>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=ZEV-2012>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=LEVZEV-2012>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since then, in September 2020 Governor Gavin Newsom signed an executive order directing that by 2035, all new cars and passenger trucks sold in California will be zero-emission vehicles.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> Executive Order N-79-20 directs CARB to develop regulations to require that ZEVs be an increasing share of new vehicles sold in the state, with light-duty cars and trucks and off-road vehicles and equipment meeting the 100% ZEV goal by 2035 and medium and heavy-duty trucks and buses meeting the same 100% ZEV goal by 2045. The order also directs Caltrans to develop near-term actions to encourage "an integrated, statewide rail and transit network" and infrastructure to support bicycles and pedestrians.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In response, CARB began development of the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) Program, focusing on emissions of vehicles sold after 2025. ACC II reiterated the aim to have all new passenger cars, trucks and SUVs sold in the state to be zero emissions vehicles by 2035,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was scheduled for consideration before CARB in June 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The regulations of ACC II were adopted by California in August 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Vehicle definitionsEdit

LEV I defined a ZEV as one that produces "zero emissions of any criteria pollutants under any and all possible operational modes and conditions." A vehicle could still qualify as a ZEV with a fuel-fired heater, as long as the heater was unable to be operated at ambient temperatures above Template:Convert and did not have any evaporative emissions.<ref name=LEV-I/>Template:Rp Under LEV II (ZEV-99), the ZEV definition was updated to include precursor pollutants, but did not consider upstream emissions from power plants.<ref name=ZEV-99>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp

The ZEV regulation has evolved and been modified several times since 1990, and several new partial or low-emission categories were created and defined,<ref name=CARB2/><ref name=CARB3>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Boschert">Template:Cite book See the box "Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate Timeline", pp. 23-28</ref><ref name=AboutZEV>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> including the introduction of PZEV and AT PZEV categories in ZEV-99.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>Template:Rp

  • PZEV (Partial Zero Emission Vehicle): Meets SULEV tailpipe standards, has a 15-year / 150,000 mile warranty, and zero evaporative emissions. These vehicles are 80% cleaner than the average 2002 model year car.
  • AT PZEV (Advanced Technology PZEV): These are advanced technology vehicles that meet PZEV standards and include ZEV enabling technology, typically hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). They are 80% cleaner than the average 2002 model year car.
  • ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicle): Zero tailpipe emissions, and 98% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.

Manufacturer sales volumeEdit

Under ZEV-90, CARB classified manufacturers according to the average sales per year between 1989 and 1993; small volume manufacturers were those that sold 3,000 or fewer new vehicles per year; intermediate volume manufacturers sold between 3,001 and 35,000; and large volume manufacturers sold more than 35,000 per year.<ref name=LEV-I/>Template:Rp For large volume manufacturers, CARB required that 2% of 1998 to 2000 model year vehicles sold were ZEVs, ramping up to 5% ZEVs by 2001 and 10% ZEVs in 2003 and beyond. Intermediate volume manufacturers were not required to meet the goals until 2003, and small volume manufacturers were exempted. These percentages were calculated based on total production of passenger cars and light-duty trucks with a loaded vehicle weight (LVW) less than Template:Convert.<ref name=LEV-I />Template:Rp<ref>According to the LEV I regulations, the LVW is defined as the sum of the vehicle's kerb weight and a Template:Convert allowance for the driver and fuel.</ref>

ZEV credit systemEdit

ZEV-96 credits<ref name=ZEV-96 />
Model
Year		 2 ZEV Count 3 ZEV Count
Range
(mi)		 Specific Energy
(Wh/kg)		 Range
(mi)		 Specific Energy
(Wh/kg)
1996–97 any any ≥70 ≥40
1998 ≥100 ≥130
1999 ≥50 ≥60
2000 ≥140 ≥175
2001–02 ≥60 ≥90

The LEV I rules also introduced the concept of emission credits. Under LEV I, the vehicle fleet average emissions rate of non-methane organic gases (NMOG) produced by a manufacturer was required to meet increasingly stringent requirements starting in 1994.<ref name=LEV-I/>Template:Rp The calculation of fleet average NMOG emissions was based on a weighted sum of vehicle NMOG emissions, based on the number sold and type of certification (i.e., TLEV, LEV, ULEV, etc.), divided by the total number of vehicles produced, including ZEVs.<ref name=LEV-I/>Template:Rp Manufacturers whose fleet average NMOG emissions met or exceeded the NMOG emissions goal would be subjected to civil penalties; those which fell below the goal would receive credits, which could then be marketed to other manufacturers.<ref name=LEV-I/>Template:Rp

The 1996 amendments to the ZEV regulations in LEV I (ZEV-96) introduced credits where a ZEV could be counted more than once based on vehicle range or battery specific energy to encourage deployment of ZEVs prior to 2003.<ref name=ZEV-96/>Template:Rp

Under LEV II/ZEV-99, the PZEV and AT PZEV categories were introduced, and the percentage of ZEVs sold by a manufacturer could be partially met by the sales of PZEV and AT PZEVs.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>Template:Rp If a vehicle met PZEV criteria, it qualified for a credit equal to 0.2 of one ZEV for the purposes of calculating that manufacturer's ZEV production.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>Template:Rp AT PZEVs capable of traveling with zero emissions for a limited range were allowed additional credit if the urban all-electric range was at least ten miles.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>Template:Rp ZEVs that were introduced prior to 2003 received a multiplier, with a value ranging up to 10× a single ZEV depending on the all-electric range and fast-charging capability.<ref name="ZEV-99"/>Template:Rp

MOA demonstration fleetEdit

MOA EVs (1997+)<ref name=98-CARB-ZEV/>
Mfr Model Date Battery Range Qty
(Dec. 97)
Chrysler EPIC ?/97 SLA Template:Convert 17
Ford Ranger EV ?/97 SLA Template:Convert 10
GM EV1 12/96 SLA Template:Convert 265
GM S-10 EV ?/97 SLA Template:Convert 354
NiMH Template:Convert 7
Honda EV Plus 05/97 NiMH Template:Convert 104
Nissan Altra ?/98 Li-ion Template:Convert —
Toyota RAV4 EV 10/97 NiMH Template:Convert 69

In March 1996, ZEV-96 eliminated the ZEV ramp-up planned to start in 1998, but the goal of 10% ZEVs by 2003 was retained, with credits granted for sales of partial ZEVs (PZEVs).<ref name=ZEV-96>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CARB2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to comment responses, CARB determined that advanced batteries would not be ready in time to meet the ZEV requirements until at least 2003.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp

File:EV1A014 (1).jpg
GM EV1

In conjunction with relaxing the requirements in ZEV-96, CARB signed memoranda of agreement (MOAs) with the seven large scale manufacturers to begin rolling out demonstration fleets of ZEVs with limited public availability in the near term. The GM EV1 was the first battery electric vehicle (BEV) offered to the public, in partial fulfillment of the agreement with CARB. The EV1 was available only through a Template:USD/month lease starting in December 1996; the initial markets were South Coast, San Diego, and Arizona, and expanded to Sacramento and the Bay Area. GM also offered an electric S-10 pickup truck to fleet operators.<ref name=98-CARB-ZEV />

In 1997, Honda (EV Plus, May 1997), Toyota (RAV4 EV, October 1997), and Chrysler (EPIC, 1997) followed suit. Ford also introduced the Ranger EV for the 1998 model year, and Nissan stated they planned to offer the Altra in the 1998 model year as well to fulfill the MOA. As an acceptable alternative, Mazda stated they would purchase ZEV credits from Ford.<ref name=98-CARB-ZEV>Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Rp

Advanced Clean CarsEdit

The Low-Emission Vehicle Program was revised to define modified ZEV regulations for 2015 models.<ref name="CARB2"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CARB4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> CARB estimates that ACC will result in 10% of all sales to be ZEVs by 2025.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp The share remained at 3% between 2014 and 2016. Battery vehicles receive 3 or 4 credits, while fuel cell cars receive 9. Template:Asof, a credit has a market value of $3-4,000, and some automakers have more credits than required.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CARB held a public workshop in September 2020 where several new consumer-friendly regulations for ZEVs were proposed to improve adoption:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Standardization of a DC Fast Charge inlet (proposing to use CCS Combo 1, with adapters provided by the vehicle manufacturer if applicable)
  • Standardization of vehicle and battery data (to assist assessment of need for repairs/condition)
  • Implement a standardized battery state-of-health (SOH) indicator (using SAE J1634 dynamometer testing to define battery capacity) and define a value of battery SOH that qualifies for warranty repair
  • Make ZEV powertrain service and repair information available to independent technicians and repair shops (including standardization of communication protocols for vehicle data)

In May 2021, additional draft requirements were added:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Durability: BEVs to maintain 80% of certified range for 15 years/150,000 miles
  • Durability: FCEVs to maintain 90% of fuel cell system output power after 4,000 hours of operation
  • Battery Labelling: standardized content to improve the efficiency of recycling batteries to recover materials or potential repurposing

To improve access to ZEVs, CARB added proposed environmental justice (EJ) credits in August 2021 for manufacturers who improve options for clean transportation to underserved communities, such as by providing a discount on a ZEV that would be used in a community-based clean mobility program. The August workshop also included additional regulations for ZEVs:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Range: starting in 2026, minimum (2-cycle) range to be Template:Cvt
  • On-board charger: minimum 5.76 kW for AC (Level 2) charging, sufficient for a BEV to charge overnight (8 hours) from a 30A source

Template:Image frame The final workshop in October 2021 proposed that ZEVs would be taken out of fleet calculations for vehicle emissions and provided yearly targets for ZEV vehicle sales as a percent of total sales, including potential EJ credits. Additionally, the required warranty period and requirements to take credit for PHEV sales were defined:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Battery to retain ≥ 80% SoH for 8 years/100,000 miles
  • PHEVs to meet one of two requirements:
    • Transitional PHEVs (2026–28): minimum Template:Cvt all-electric range with additional credit if vehicle exceeds Template:Cvt on the US06 high speed/acceleration cycle; 8 year/100,000 80%SOH battery warranty, 5.76 kW on-board charger
    • Full credit PHEVs (2026+): minimum Template:Cvt all-electric range, minimum Template:Cvt on the US06 high speed/acceleration cycle; 8 year/100,000 80%SOH battery warranty, 5.76 kW on-board charger
  • "Small volume" manufacturers (defined as those selling fewer than 4,500 cars per year) are required to comply with the ZEV mandate starting with the 2035 model year

OHV Emission StandardsEdit

The California DMV implements the policy dictates of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) with respect to registration of off-highway motor vehicles (OHVs).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Registration consists of ID plates or placards issued by the DMV.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Operating a motorized vehicle off-highway in California requires either a Green Sticker or a Red Sticker ID. The Green Sticker indicates that the vehicle has passed emission requirements. The Red Sticker (issued through 2021) restricts OHV use due to not meeting emission standards established by the CARB. The red sticker program began in 1994 when CARB adopted standards for emissions from two-stroke engines used primarily on dirt bikes. Between 1998 and 2003, the red sticker program was refined allowing vehicles that did not meet peak ozone season standards to be operated only at specific times of the year. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of model year 2022, the CARB no longer authorizes issuing of red stickers. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Commercial Harbor Craft RegulationEdit

The California Air Resources Board's (CARB) Commercial Harbor Craft regulation is a regulatory framework aimed at reducing emissions from commercial vessels operating in California's harbors and ports. The rule primarily targets diesel-powered vessels such as ferries, tugboats, and other workboats that operate in and around California's ports.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since the original adoption of regulation in 2008, and its amendments in 2010 and 2022, vessel owners in the state have been required to either replace their engines or send their boats out of the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Low-carbon fuel standardEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) requires oil refineries and distributors to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the Californian market meets the established declining targets for greenhouse gas emissions measured in CO2-equivalent grams per unit of fuel energy sold for transport purposes. The 2007 Governor's LCFS directive calls for a reduction of at least 10% in the carbon intensity of California's transportation fuels by 2020. These reductions include not only tailpipe emissions but also all other associated emissions from production, distribution and use of transport fuels within the state. Therefore, California LCFS considers the fuel's full life cycle, also known as the "well to wheels" or "seed to wheels" efficiency of transport fuels.<ref name="TwoBillion"/><ref name="CARB01">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The standard is aimed to reduce the state’s dependence on petroleum, create a market for clean transportation technology, and stimulate the production and use of alternative, low-carbon fuels in California.<ref name="ARBproposal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On April 23, 2009, CARB approved the specific rules for the LCFS that will go into effect in January 2011.<ref name="SFG042409">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYT042409">Template:Cite news</ref> The rule proposal prepared by its technical staff was approved by a 9-1 vote, to set the 2020 maximum carbon intensity reference value to 86 grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced.<ref name="ARBproposal"/><ref name="UNICA01">Template:Cite news</ref>

PHEV Research CenterEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The PHEV Research Center was launched with funding from the California Air Resources Board.

Innovative Clean TransitEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Under the Innovative Clean Transit (formerly known as the Advanced Clean Transit) regulation adopted in December 2018, public transportation agencies in California will gradually transition to a zero-emission bus fleet by 2040.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> Large transit agencies (defined as those operating more than 65 buses in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin or South Coast Air Quality Management District, or those operating more than 100 buses elsewhere with populations greater than 200,000) are required to have 25% of new bus purchases as zero-emission buses (ZEBs) starting in 2023, 50% of new purchases as ZEBs starting in 2026, and 100% of new purchases as ZEBs starting in 2029. Small transit agencies are required to make 25% of new purchases as ZEBs in 2026 and 100% of new purchases as ZEBs in 2029+. Per the regulation, ZEBs are defined to include battery electric buses and fuel cell buses, but do not include electric trolleybuses which draw power from overhead lines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Antelope Valley Transit Authority has set a goal to be the first all-electric fleet by the end of 2018, ahead of the tightened regulations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Regulation of ozone produced by air cleaners and ionizersEdit

The California Air Resources Board has a page listing air cleaners (many with ionizers) meeting their indoor ozone limit of 0.050 parts per million.<ref name=CARBlist>California Certified Air Cleaning Devices. From California Air Resources Board.</ref> From that article:

Template:Quote

Southern California headquarters, Mary D. Nichols CampusEdit

File:California Air Resources Board's Southern California Headquarter.jpg
California Air Resources Board's Southern California headquarters in Riverside, California

On October 27, 2017 CARB broke ground on its new state-of-the-art Southern California headquarters. CARB chose the site near the University of California, Riverside, in March 2016 and completed environmental studies in June 2017. Construction costs of $419 million, which include $108 million for specialized laboratory and testing equipment, were approved by the Legislature in July. Of those costs, $154 million comes from fines paid by Volkswagen for air quality violations related to the diesel car cheating case. Additional funds will come from the Motor Vehicle Account, the Air Pollution Control Fund and the Vehicle Inspection Repair Fund.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Over a decade of planning has gone into the development of a replacement for CARB’s aging Haagen-Smit Laboratory. Opened in 1973 in El Monte, California, the Haagen-Smit Laboratory is the site of many of CARB’s groundbreaking efforts to reduce the emissions of cars and trucks, as well as efforts to introduce zero-emission and plug-in vehicles to California. In 2015, engineers and technicians based at the Haagen-Smit Laboratory were instrumental in discovering the infamous VW diesel “defeat device,” leading to the largest emissions control violation settlement in national and California history.

The new campus features an extended range of dedicated test cells, including heavy-duty testing. There is also workspace for accommodating new test methods for future generations of vehicles, and space for developing enhanced on-board diagnostics and portable emissions measurement systems. The facility also includes a separate advanced chemistry laboratory. The Southern California Headquarters’ office and administration space accommodates 460 employees and includes visitor reception and public areas, a press room, flexible conference and workshop space, and a 250-person public auditorium.

Sustainability drove the striking architecture and every detail of the campus. Designed by ZGF Architects and built by Hensel Phelps, the new headquarters is built for the future. At 402,000 square feet, it is designed to be the largest Zero Net Energy building in the United States, aided by solar arrays throughout the campus that generate 3.5 Megawatts of electricity, and a chilled beam temperature management system that provides increased energy efficiency and occupant comfort. As a result, the facility achieves Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum certification, and California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) Tier 2 standards and is designed to achieve Zero-Net Energy performance .

On November 18, 2021, CARB dedicated the new Southern California headquarters in honor of former Chair Mary D. Nichols whose career at CARB spanned four decades under three different California governors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

Template:Portal

California Air Resources Board
Other

Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

News

Template:California state agenciesTemplate:Housing in CaliforniaTemplate:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=California_Air_Resources_Board&oldid=263525"