Calcium carbide
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Calcium carbide, also known as calcium acetylide, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of Template:Chem2. Its main use industrially is in the production of acetylene and calcium cyanamide.<ref name=handbook>Template:Cite book</ref>
The pure material is colorless, while pieces of technical-grade calcium carbide are grey or brown and consist of about 80–85% of Template:Chem2 (the rest is CaO (calcium oxide), Template:Chem2 (calcium phosphide), CaS (calcium sulfide), Template:Chem2 (calcium nitride), SiC (silicon carbide), C (carbon), etc.). In the presence of trace moisture, technical-grade calcium carbide emits an unpleasant odor reminiscent of garlic.<ref name="Vincoli1996">Template:Cite book</ref>
Applications of calcium carbide include manufacture of acetylene gas, generation of acetylene in carbide lamps, manufacture of chemicals for fertilizer, and steelmaking.
ProductionEdit
Calcium carbide is produced industrially in an electric arc furnace from a mixture of lime and coke at approximately Template:Convert.<ref name = Greenwood_p298/> This is an endothermic reaction requiring Template:Convert per mole<ref>Calculated from data in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.</ref> and high temperatures to drive off the carbon monoxide. This method has not changed since its invention in 1892:
The high temperature required for this reaction is not practically achievable by traditional combustion, so the reaction is performed in an electric arc furnace with graphite electrodes. The carbide product produced generally contains around 80% calcium carbide by weight. The carbide is crushed to produce small lumps that can range from a few mm up to 50 mm. The impurities are concentrated in the finer fractions. The Template:Chem2 content of the product is assayed by measuring the amount of acetylene produced on hydrolysis. As an example, the British and German standards for the content of the coarser fractions are 295 L/kg and 300 L/kg respectively (at 101 kPa pressure and Template:Convert temperature). Impurities present in the carbide include calcium phosphide, which produces phosphine when hydrolysed.<ref name = Ullmans>Template:Cite book</ref>
This reaction was an important part of the Industrial Revolution in chemistry, and was made possible in the United States as a result of massive amounts of inexpensive hydroelectric power produced at Niagara Falls before the turn of the 20th century.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The electric arc furnace method was discovered in 1892 by T. L. Willson, and independently in the same year by H. Moissan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austrian industrialist Josef Kranz and his "Bosnische-Elektrizitäts AG" company, whose successor later became "Elektro-Bosna", opened the largest chemical factory for the production of calcium carbide at the time in Europe in 1899. A hydroelectric power station on the Pliva river with an installed capacity of 8 MW was constructed to supply electricity for the factory, the first power station of its kind in Southeast Europe, and became operational on 24 March 1899.<ref name="Prva-HE-Balkanu-old.kons.gov.ba">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Crystal structureEdit
Calcium carbide is a calcium salt of acetylene, consisting of calcium cations Template:Chem2 and acetylide anions Template:Chem2. Pure calcium carbide is a colourless solid. The common crystalline form at room temperature is a distorted rock-salt structure with the Template:Chem2 units lying parallel.<ref name = Greenwood/> There are three different polymorphs which appear at room temperature: the tetragonal structure and two different monoclinic structures.<ref name=Konar2016 />
ApplicationsEdit
Production of acetyleneEdit
The reaction of calcium carbide with water, producing acetylene and calcium hydroxide,<ref name = Greenwood_p298/> was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862.
This reaction was the basis of the industrial manufacture of acetylene, and is the major industrial use of calcium carbide.
Today acetylene is mainly manufactured by the partial combustion of methane or appears as a side product in the ethylene stream from cracking of hydrocarbons. Approximately 400,000 tonnes are produced this way annually (see acetylene preparation).
In China, acetylene derived from calcium carbide remains a raw material for the chemical industry, in particular for the production of polyvinyl chloride. Locally produced acetylene is more economical than using imported oil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Production of calcium carbide in China has been increasing. In 2005 output was 8.94 million tons, with the capacity to produce 17 million tons.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the United States, Europe, and Japan, consumption of calcium carbide is generally declining.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Production levels in the US during the 1990s were 236,000 tons per year.<ref name = Greenwood>Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw</ref>
Production of calcium cyanamideEdit
Calcium carbide reacts with nitrogen at high temperature to form calcium cyanamide:<ref name = Greenwood_p298>Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd</ref>
Commonly known as nitrolime, calcium cyanamide is used as fertilizer. It is hydrolysed to cyanamide, Template:Chem2.<ref name = Greenwood_p298/>
SteelmakingEdit
Calcium carbide is used:
- in the desulfurization of iron (pig iron, cast iron and steel)<ref name = Ullmans/>
- as a fuel in steelmaking to extend the scrap ratio to liquid iron, depending on economics.
- as a powerful deoxidizer at ladle treatment facilities.
Carbide lampsEdit
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Calcium carbide is used in carbide lamps. Water dripping on carbide produces acetylene gas, which burns and produces light. While these lamps gave steadier and brighter light than candles, they were dangerous in coal mines, where flammable methane gas made them a serious hazard. The presence of flammable gases in coal mines led to miner safety lamps such as the Davy lamp, in which a wire gauze reduces the risk of methane ignition. Carbide lamps were still used extensively in slate, copper, and tin mines where methane is not a serious hazard. Most miners' lamps have now been replaced by electric lamps.
Carbide lamps are still used for mining in some less wealthy countries, for example in the silver mines near Potosí, Bolivia. Carbide lamps are also still used by some cavers exploring caves and other underground areas,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> although they are increasingly being replaced in this use by LED lights.
Carbide lamps were also used extensively as headlamps in early automobiles, motorcycles and bicycles, but have been replaced entirely by electric lamps.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Other usesEdit
Calcium carbide is sometimes used as source of acetylene, which like ethylene gas, is a ripening agent.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, this is illegal in some countries as, in the production of acetylene from calcium carbide, contamination often leads to trace production of phosphine and arsine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These impurities can be removed by passing the acetylene gas through acidified copper sulfate solution, but, in developing countries, this precaution is often neglected.
Calcium carbide is used in toy cannons such as the Big-Bang Cannon, as well as in bamboo cannons. In the Netherlands calcium carbide is used around new-year to shoot with milk churns.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Calcium carbide, together with calcium phosphide, is used in floating, self-igniting naval signal flares, such as those produced by the Holmes' Marine Life Protection Association.
Calcium carbide is used to determine the moisture content of soil. When soil and calcium carbide are mixed in a closed pressure cylinder, the water content in soil reacts with calcium carbide to release acetylene whose pressure can be measured to determine the moisture content.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Calcium carbide is sold commercially as a mole repellent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When it comes into contact with water, the gas produced drives moles away.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Calcium Carbide & Acetylene at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
- Calcium Carbide Manufacturing
- 2008 Material Safety Data Sheet