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Calumma

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File:Glaw's chameleon (Calumma glawi) Ranomafana.jpg
Glaw's chameleon (Calumma glawi)

Calumma is a genus of chameleons, highly adapted and specialised lizards, in the family Chamaeleonidae. The genus is endemic to the island of Madagascar. One species, formerly known as Calumma tigris (the Seychelles tiger chameleon), was transferred to the genus Archaius in 2010, upon the discovery of its closer relation to Rieppeleon—one of several genera referred to collectively as "leaf" or "pygmy" chameleons—rather than to Calumma.<ref name="Townsend2010">Template:Cite journal</ref> The earliest known fossil of the genus is of Calumma benovskyi, from early Miocene Kenya, showing that the genus likely originated on mainland East Africa.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The genus includes one of the heaviest and longest chameleon species, the Parson's chameleon (Calumma parsonii).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Species groupsEdit

Four species groups are recognised within the genus Calumma (originally proposed by Glaw & Vences in 1994<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>), some of which may be only phenetic, while others are phylogenetically supported:<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Calumma furcifer species groupEdit

Contents: Calumma furcifer, C. gastrotaenia, C. marojezense, C. guillaumeti, C. andringitraense, C. glawi, C. vencesi

Species characterised by typically green body colouration, sleek body form, and generally no occipital lobes (flaps of skin posterior to the head; present only in C. glawi) and no rostral appendage (present only in males of C. furcifer).<ref name=":0" />

Calumma cucullatum species groupEdit

Contents: Calumma cucullatum, C. crypticum, C. amber, C. tsaratananense, C. hafahafa, C. hilleniusi, C. peltierorum, C. malthe, C. brevicorne, C. jejy, C. tsycorne

Species characterised by distinct occipital lobes and generally a single bony rostral appendage that is larger in males than females.<ref name=":0" />

Calumma nasutum species groupEdit

Contents: Calumma nasutum, C. fallax, C. gallus, C. guibei, C. boettgeri, C. linotum, C. gehringi, C. uetzi, C. lefona, C. juliae, C. vatosoa, C. vohibola, C. peyrierasi, C. roaloko

Species characterised by a soft dermal rostral appendage (generally present in males and absent in females).<ref name=":0" /> The following members possess occipital lobes: C. guibei, C. boettgeri, C. linotum, C. gehringi, C. uetzi, C. lefona, C. roaloko, and C. juliae.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Pr18">Template:Cite journal</ref> These taxa are collectively referred to as the C. guibei species complex.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Occipital lobes are absent from all other species.<ref name=":0" /> The assignment of C. peyrierasi to this group remains a subject of uncertainty.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Calumma parsonii species groupEdit

Contents: Calumma globifer, C. ambreense, C. oshaughnessyi, C. parsonii, C. capuroni

Species characterised by large body size, males with paired rostral appendages, and some species with small occipital lobes.<ref name=":0" />

SpeciesEdit

The following 41 species are recognized as being valid as of October 2020:

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Calumma.

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

  • Gray JE (1865). "Revision of the Genera and Species of Chamæleonidæ, with the Descriptions of some New Species". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864: 465–479. (Calumma, new genus, p. 476).

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