Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Christian leader Template:Infobox Cardinal styles Template:Ordination Bernard Francis Cardinal Law (November 4, 1931 – December 20, 2017) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church who, among other offices, served as Archbishop of Boston from 1984 to 2002. Originally considered an influential voice among American Catholic hierarchy and the wider Boston society as a supporter of church orthodoxy and social justice, along with his work in ecumenism and civil rights, his image was dramatically changed after the 2002 exposé of his involvement in covering up the serial rape of children by Catholic priests, which led to his resignation as Archbishop of Boston in December of that year.<ref name="NYT"></ref> Prior to that office, Law served as Bishop of Springfield–Cape Girardeau from 1973 to 1984. He also served as Cardinal Priest of Santa Susanna from 1985 to his death in 2017, and as archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore from 2004 to 2011, these being largely ceremonial roles.
Law was Archbishop of Boston from March 1984 until his resignation on December 13, 2002, after his involvement in the Archdiocese of Boston sex abuse scandal became public knowledge. Law was proven to have ignored or concealed the molestation of many underage children;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> Church documents demonstrate that he had extensive knowledge of widespread child sexual abuse committed by dozens of Catholic priests in his archdiocese over almost two decades; he failed to report these crimes to the authorities, instead merely transferring the accused priests between parishes.<ref name="Globe1">Template:Cite news</ref> One priest in Law's archdiocese, John Geoghan, raped or molested more than 130 children in six different parishes in a career of 30 years.<ref name="Globe1" /> Law was widely denounced for his handling of the sexual abuse cases, and outside the church his public image was destroyed in the aftermath of the scandal.
Two years after Law resigned from his position in Boston, which Bishop William Skylstad called "an important step in the healing process",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Pope John Paul II appointed him Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome in 2004. He resigned the position upon reaching age 80 in November 2011, and died in Rome on December 20, 2017 at age 86.
Early life and educationEdit
Law was born in Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico, on November 4, 1931,<ref name="Obit" /> the only child of Bernard Aloysius Law (1890–1955)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CUA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Helen A. Law (née Stubblefield; 1911–1991).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His father was a United States Air Force colonel and a veteran pilot of World War I.<ref name="CUA" />
Law grew up on military bases in the United States and Latin America.<ref name="NYT"/> He attended schools in New York; Florida; Georgia; Barranquilla, Colombia; and graduated from Charlotte Amalie High School in Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands.<ref name=NCR/> While in high school, he was employed by The Virgin Islands Daily News.<ref name="CNNFF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He graduated from Harvard College with a major in medieval history before studying philosophy at Saint Joseph Seminary College in St. Benedict, Louisiana, from 1953 to 1955, and theology at the Pontifical College Josephinum in Worthington, Ohio, from 1955 to 1961.<ref name="CNNFF"/>
Priestly ministry in the civil rights eraEdit
On May 21, 1961, Law was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Natchez-Jackson in Mississippi.<ref name=NCR /> He served two years as an assistant pastor of St. Paul's Catholic Church in Vicksburg, Mississippi, where he was the editor of The Mississippi Register, the diocesan newspaper.<ref name="Obit" /> He also held several other diocesan posts from 1963 to 1968, including director of the family life bureau and spiritual director of the minor seminary.<ref name="CNNFF"/>
The young Fr. Law was a civil rights activist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Globe>Template:Cite news</ref>
He was a member of the Mississippi Leadership Conference and Mississippi Human Relations Council.<ref name=Globe /> For his civil rights activities and his strong positions on civil rights in the Mississippi Register, of which he was editor, he received death threats.<ref name=Globe /> Charles Evers, activist and brother of murdered civil rights activist Medgar Evers, praised Law and said he acted "not for the Negro, but for justice and what is right."<ref name= rest>Template:Cite news</ref>
Law's brave civil rights activity led him to develop ties with Protestant church leaders and he received national attention for his work for ecumenism,<ref name=NCR>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in 1968 he was tapped for his first national post, as executive director of the US Bishops' Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs.<ref name="NYT" />
Bishop of Springfield–Cape GirardeauEdit
Pope Paul VI named Law bishop of the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau in Missouri on October 22, 1973, and he was consecrated on December 5 of that year.<ref name="Briggs" /> Law's predecessor in Springfield–Cape Girardeau was William Wakefield Baum, another future cardinal.<ref name="CNNFF" />
In 1975, he arranged for the resettlement in his diocese of 166 Vietnamese refugees who arrived in the United States, and were members of a Vietnamese religious congregation, the Congregation of the Mother Co-Redemptrix.<ref name="Obit" />
In continuing his ecumenical work, Law formed the Missouri Christian Leadership Conference.<ref name="MNY">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was made a member of the Vatican's Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity and served from 1976 to 1981 as a consultor to its Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews.<ref name="Obit" /> In the late 1970s, Law would also chair the U.S. bishops' Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs.<ref name="MNY" />
In 1981, Law was named the Vatican delegate to develop and oversee a program instituted by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in which U.S. Episcopal priests would be accepted into the Catholic priesthood.<ref name="FoxBoston">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> In the program's first year, sixty-four Episcopal priests applied for acceptance.<ref name="FoxBoston" /> This brought married priests with their families into U.S. Roman Catholic dioceses for the first time.<ref name="MNY" />
Archbishop of BostonEdit
On January 11, 1984, Law was appointed Archbishop of Boston by Pope John Paul II<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was installed on March 23, 1984.<ref name=Briggs>Template:Cite news</ref>
That same year, Law reassigned a local priest, Fr John Geoghan, to St. Julia's in Weston, on the recommendation of medical professionals. Geoghan had previously been known to abuse children, and at least one auxiliary bishop in Boston warned Law that the priest was unfit to return to parish ministry.<ref name="Globe1" />
On May 25, 1985, Law was created cardinal, and Santa Susanna was assigned as his titular church.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1985, delivering one of the few speeches in Latin at the Synod of Bishops, he called for the creation of a "universal catechism" to guard against dissent, especially by theologians. He was the second prelate to call for such a document,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which became the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992). Law oversaw the first draft of its English translation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the mid-1980s, Law chaired the bishops' Committee on Pastoral Research and Practices at the time it distributed a report on Freemasonry.<ref name="CNNFF" /> The bishops' report concluded that "the principles and basic rituals of Masonry embody a naturalistic religion, active participation in which is incompatible with Christian faith and practice".<ref name="Obit" />
In 1989, Geoghan was once again removed from ministry due to continued child sex abuse, but was later allowed to return to St Julia's. Further incidents resulted in his permanent removal in 1993, and his defrocking in 1998.<ref name="Globe1" />
Sex abuse scandal exposésEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In January 2001, Law was named a defendant in several high-profile cases involving pedophile priests, including one involving Geoghan.<ref name="wbur">Template:Citation</ref> Reporter Kristen Lombardi, who was assigned to investigate by Susan Ryan-Vollmar, the editor of the Boston Phoenix weekly,<ref name="Where">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> wrote "Cardinal sin", an article about the cases.<ref name="Obit" />
Mark Keane, a victim of Geoghan, believed that Law had direct knowledge that Geoghan, who worked in the Archdiocese of Boston from 1962 to 1993, was repeatedly molesting children.<ref name="Where" /> Keane said that the archbishop not only allowed the priest to continue working, but repeatedly moved him from parish to parish where he had daily contact with many children (one of whom was Keane).<ref name="Obit" />
Even though abuse by Geoghan had been reported repeatedly in the media since 1996, the new editor of the daily Boston Globe newspaper Martin Baron set the Spotlight investigatory team to work on the case in September 2001.<ref name="CNNFF" /> Lombardi acknowledged that the Globe may have had the story before she did, but was delayed somewhat pending the release of sealed records.<ref name="Spotlight">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ResignationEdit
In April 2002, following the Boston GlobeTemplate:'s public exposure of the cover up by Cardinal Law (and his predecessor Cardinal Humberto Medeiros) of offending priests in the Boston Archdiocese, Law consulted with Pope John Paul II and other Vatican officials and said he was committed to staying on as archbishop and addressing the scandal: "It is my intent to address at length the record of the Archdiocese's handling of these cases by reviewing the past in as systematic and comprehensive way as possible, so that legitimate questions which have been raised might be answered."<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
Even so, Law submitted his resignation as Archbishop of Boston to the Vatican, which Pope John Paul II accepted on December 13, 2002.<ref name="Spotlight" /> Law wrote in a personal declaration, "The particular circumstances of this time suggest a quiet departure. Please keep me in your prayers."<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> and moved to Rome. In July 2003, Seán O'Malley, OFMCap was named the new Archbishop of Boston.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Boston Globe said in an editorial the day after Law's resignation was accepted that "Law had become the central figure in a scandal of criminal abuse, denial, payoff, and coverup that resonates around the world".<ref name="Spotlight" /> A letter urging Law's resignation had been signed by 58 priests, mostly diocesan priests who had sworn obedience to Law as their direct superior; the editorial said that this letter was "surely one of the precipitating events in his departure".<ref name="globecrit">Template:Cite news</ref> The GlobeTemplate:'s exposé of the scandal was the subject of an Oscar-winning film, Spotlight released in the United States in November 2015, in which Law was portrayed by Len Cariou.<ref name="Where" />
In a statement, Cardinal Law said, "It is my fervent prayer that [my resignation] may help the Archdiocese of Boston to experience the healing, reconciliation and unity which are so desperately needed. To all those who have suffered from my shortcomings and mistakes I both apologize and from them beg forgiveness."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While no longer Archbishop of Boston, Law remained a bishop and cardinal of the Catholic Church in good standing; as a cardinal, he participated in the 2005 papal conclave.<ref name="Where" /> By the time of the 2013 papal conclave, he had become ineligible to vote as he was over the age of 80.<ref name="CNNFF" />
Roman appointmentEdit
Within weeks of his resignation, Law moved from Boston to Rome.<ref name="Where" /> When the state attorney general issued his report entitled Child Sexual Abuse in the Archdiocese of Boston (July 23, 2003), he severely criticized Law, mentioning that "the Archdiocese has shown an institutional reluctance to adequately address the problem and, in fact, made choices that allowed the abuse to continue," but did not allege that Law had tried to evade investigation.<ref name="Where" /> He said that Cardinal Law had not broken any laws, because the law requiring abuse to be reported was not expanded to include priests until 2002.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Law was a member of the Congregations for the Oriental Churches, the Clergy, Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, Evangelisation of Peoples, Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, Catholic Education, Bishops as well as the Pontifical Council for the Family.<ref name="Where" /><ref name=graun7no15 /> He held membership in all these congregations and of the council before resigning from the governance of the Archdiocese of Boston, and at that time was also a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture.<ref>Annuario Pontificio 2002</ref> He became even more influential in those Vatican congregations and, being based in Rome, he could attend all their meetings, unlike cardinals based in other countries.<ref name=graun7no15>Template:Cite news</ref>
In May 2004, Pope John Paul II appointed Law to a post in Rome, as Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, a largely ceremonial role.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some saw this an attempt to shield Law from potential criminal prosecution as his new position conveyed citizenship in Vatican City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Law reached 80 on November 4, 2011, and lost the right to participate in a papal conclave as well as his memberships in offices of the Roman Curia.<ref name="Where" /> He remained as archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore until November 21, 2011, when Archbishop Santos Abril y Castelló was appointed as the new archpriest.<ref name=graun7no15 />
In Rome, Law was considered an active and important conservative voice within many of the Vatican offices in which he served. Robert Mickens, a longtime Vatican journalist, reported that Law believed he had been "badly done by", and that other cardinals saw him as a victim rather than a guilty party. Until his retirement, Mickens said, "He did not lose his influence. He was a member of more congregations than any other bishop ... Cardinals that are members of these offices can't always go to the meetings—they are not in Rome—but Bernie Law did and he goes everywhere and he keeps his head held high."<ref name=graun7no15 />
Retirement and deathEdit
It was "commonly believed that [Law would] live out his retirement in Rome" (when he reached 80 years of age).<ref>Arsenault, Mark, "Law retires from post in Rome", The Boston Globe, November 22, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2013.</ref> After his retirement in 2011, Law continued to live in Vatican City, and regularly attended the annual July 4 Independence Day parties held by the United States Embassy to the Holy See.<ref name=graun7no15 />
In March 2013, Law was living at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.<ref name=debunk>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:As of, he was living in the Palazzo della Cancelleria.<ref name=palazzo /> He visited the United States for the last time in August 2015 for the funeral of Cardinal William Wakefield Baum in Washington, D.C.<ref name="WPobit">Template:Cite news</ref>
In May 2012, the National Catholic Reporter and The Tablet, a British Catholic weekly, reported that Law was "the person in Rome most forcefully supporting" Baltimore Archbishop William E. Lori's petition to investigate and discipline the Leadership Conference of Women Religious, a large group of American nuns.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
After a long illness, Law died in Rome on December 20, 2017, at the age of 86. He is buried in a chapel at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.<ref name="Obit">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="WPobit" /> His funeral rites, following the standard for a cardinal who dies in Rome, included Mass in St. Peter's Basilica on December 21 at which Pope Francis said the final prayers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Vatican TV did not livestream the Mass as it normally does.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Upon his death, his successor as Archbishop of Boston, Cardinal Seán O'Malley, OFMCap, said it was "unfortunate" that Law "had such a high-profile place in the life of the Church". He speculated that today Law would not receive the sort of Vatican appointments he enjoyed after leaving Boston "but unfortunately we're living with the consequences of that".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Guardian noted at the time that Law had become "a symbol of the Roman Catholic Church's systematic protection of paedophile priests" because of his refusal to stop sexual abuse in Boston.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
Law is portrayed by Len Cariou in the 2015 biographical drama Spotlight.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
External linksEdit
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
Template:S-start Template:S-rel Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-end
Template:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston Template:Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau Template:Catholic Church sexual abuse cases Template:Authority control