Carrion crow
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use dmy dates Template:Expand French Template:Speciesbox
The carrion crow (Corvus corone) is a passerine bird of the family Corvidae, native to western Europe and the eastern Palearctic.
Taxonomy and systematicsEdit
The carrion crow was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original name of Corvus corone.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The binomial name is derived from the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "raven",<ref name =M-W >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "crow".<ref>Template:LSJ.</ref>
The hooded crow (Corvus cornix), formerly regarded as a subspecies, has been split off as a separate species, and there is some discussion whether the eastern carrion crow (C. c. orientalis) is distinct enough to warrant specific status; the two taxa are well separated, and it has been proposed they could have evolved independently in the wetter, maritime regions at the opposite ends of the Eurasian landmass.<ref name ="Madge94">Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1994): Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world. A&C Black, London. Template:ISBN</ref>
Along with the hooded crow, the carrion crow occupies a similar ecological niche in Eurasia to the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in North America. The two species look very similar to one another, but can be differentiated by size, as the carrion crow is larger and of a stockier build compared to the American crow.
DescriptionEdit
The plumage of the carrion crow is black with a green or purple sheen, much greener than the gloss of the rook (Corvus frugilegus). The bill, legs and feet are also black. It can be distinguished from the common raven by its size of around Template:Convert in length as compared to an average of Template:Convert for ravens, and from the hooded crow by its black plumage. The carrion crow has a wingspan of Template:Convert and weighs Template:Convert.
Juvenile carrion crows can be identified by their brownish plumage and blue eyes, both of which darken to black and brown as the crow grows older.
Distribution and genetic relationship to hooded crowsEdit
The carrion crow (Corvus corone) and hooded crow (Corvus cornix), including the former's slightly larger allied form or race C. c. orientalis, are two very closely related species;<ref name = "Parkin03">Template:Cite journal</ref> the geographic distributions of both forms of carrion crow across Europe are illustrated in the accompanying diagram. It is believed that this distribution might have resulted from the glaciation cycles during the Pleistocene, which caused the parent population to split into isolates which subsequently re-expanded their ranges when the climate warmed causing secondary contact.<ref name=Poelstra>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Knijf">Template:Cite journal Further reading: [1]</ref>
Poelstra and coworkers sequenced almost the entire genomes of both species in populations at varying distances from the contact zone to find that the two species were genetically identical, both in their DNA and in its expression (in the form of mRNA), except for the lack of expression of a small portion (<0.28%) of the genome (situated on avian chromosome 18) in the hooded crow, which imparts the lighter plumage colouration on its torso.<ref name=Poelstra /> Thus the two species can viably hybridize, and occasionally do so at the contact zone, but the all-black carrion crows on the one side of the contact zone mate almost exclusively with other all-black carrion crows, while the same occurs among the hooded crows on the other side of the contact zone.
It is therefore clear that it is only the outward appearance of the two species that inhibits hybridization.<ref name=Poelstra /><ref name=Knijf /> The authors attribute this to assortative mating (rather than to ecological selection), the advantage of which is not clear, and it would lead to the rapid appearance of streams of new lineages, and possibly even species, through mutual attraction between mutants. Unnikrishnan and Akhila propose, instead, that koinophilia is a more parsimonious explanation for the resistance to hybridization across the contact zone, despite the absence of physiological, anatomical or genetic barriers to such hybridization.<ref name=Poelstra/> The carrion crow is also found in the mountains and forests of Japan and also in the cities of Japan.<ref>Attenborough. D. 1998. The Life of Birds. pp.295 BBC Template:ISBN</ref>
Behaviour and ecologyEdit
The rook is generally gregarious and the crow largely solitary, but rooks occasionally nest in isolated trees, and crows may feed with rooks; moreover, crows are often sociable in winter roosts. The most distinctive feature is the voice. The rook has a high-pitched kaaa, but the crow's guttural, slightly vibrant, deeper croaked kraa is distinct from any note of the rook.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The carrion crow is noisy, perching on a vantage point such as a building or the top of a tree and calling three or four times in quick succession, with a slight pause between each series of croaks. During each series of calls, a crow may perform an accompanying gesture, raising its shoulders and bowing its head and neck downwards with each caw. The wing-beats are slower, more deliberate than those of the rook.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Carrion crows can become tame near humans, and can often be found near areas of human activity or habitation including cities, moors, woodland, sea cliffs and farmland<ref name="Holden 2012 274">Template:Cite book</ref> where they compete with other social birds such as gulls, other corvids, and ducks for food in parks and gardens.
- Bois de Vincennes, Carrion crow cawing and bowing.webm
The carrion crow can be seen performing bowing gestures while cawing.
- Bois de Vincennes, Carrion crows vocalizing.webm
Other vocalizations of the carrion crow include clicking.
Like other species of corvid, carrion crows will actively harass predators and competitors that enter their territory or threaten them or their offspring, and will engage in group mobbing behaviour as a method to defend themselves.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
IntelligenceEdit
Like all corvids, carrion crows are very intelligent.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> For example, they can discriminate between numerosities up to 30,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> flexibly switch between rules,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and recognise human and crow faces.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Given the difference in brain architecture in crows compared to primates, these abilities suggest that their intelligence is realised as a product of convergent evolution.<ref name=":0"/>
DietEdit
Though an eater of carrion of all kinds, the carrion crow will eat insects, earthworms, other invertebrates,<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> grain, fruits, seeds, nuts,<ref name=":1" /> small mammals, amphibians, fish,<ref name=":1" /> scraps and will also steal eggs. Crows are scavengers by nature, which is why they tend to frequent sites inhabited by humans in order to feed on their household waste. Crows will also harass birds of prey or even foxes for their kills. Crows actively hunt and occasionally co-operate with other crows to make kills, and are sometimes seen catching ducklings for food. Due to their gregarious lifestyle and defensive abilities, carrion crows have few natural predators. However, powerful raptors such as the Eurasian goshawk, peregrine falcon, Eurasian eagle-owl and golden eagle will readily hunt them, and crows can become an important prey item locally.
NestingEdit
The bulky stick nest is usually placed in a tall tree, but cliff ledges, old buildings and pylons may be used as well. Nests are also occasionally placed on or near the ground. The nest resembles that of the common raven, but is less bulky. The 3 to 4 brown-speckled blue or greenish eggs are incubated for 18–20 days by the female alone, who is fed by the male. The young fledge after 29–30 days.<ref name="BTO">British Trust for Ornithology (2005) Nest Record Scheme data.</ref>
.jpg){kind=link}
It is not uncommon for an offspring from the previous years to stay around and help rear the new hatchlings. Instead of seeking out a mate, it looks for food and assists the parents in feeding the young.<ref name=baglione>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Template:EBirdSpecies
- Photo of profile.
- Image of the skull.
- Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.4 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze.
- HOME of the corvus corone corone.
Template:Corvidae Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control