Cape Barren goose

The Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae<ref>Etymology: Cereopsis meaning "wax-like", from the Latin cera, "wax", and Ancient Greek -opsis, "appearance", in reference to the peculiar bill; novaehollandiae, Neo-Latin for "New Holland", an historical European name for Australia.</ref>), sometimes also known as the pig goose, is a species of goose endemic to southern Australia. It is a distinctive large, grey bird that is mostly terrestrial and is not closely related to other extant members of the subfamily Anserinae.<ref name=ABG>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=BOW>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=NZBO>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Taxonomy and history

The indigenous Jardwadjali people of western Victoria refer to this species as toolka.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Noongar / Nyungar people of south-western Western Australia use the name bibib.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Cape Barren goose was first formally described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 as Cereopsis N. Hollandiae.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The species had been earlier reported from the Bass Strait by George Bass and Matthew Flinders in 1798, who referred to it as a "Brent or Barnacle Goose".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The taxonomic placement of this species is not yet fully resolved. It is now generally recognised as being a member of the subfamily Anserinae, however, it has also been associated with Tadorninae. When placed within Anserinae it may be considered a member of the tribe Anserini (alongside Anser and Branta) or placed in its own tribe, Cereopsini.<ref name=Sys>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Sraml1996>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Two subspecies of Cape Barren goose are currently recognised:<ref name=ABG/><ref name=BOW/><ref name=NZBO/><ref name=Clements>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Cereopsis novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Latham, 1801) – south-eastern Australia (southern Victoria, eastern South Australia, Tasmania, and Bass Strait islands)
• Cereopsis novaehollandiae grisea (Vieillot, 1818) – south-western Australia (Recherche Archipelago and adjacent coast of mainland Western Australia)

Description

Adult Cape Barren geese are large birds, typically measuring Template:Cvt long and weighing between Template:Cvt, with males generally being larger than females. The plumage is mostly pale grey with a slight brown tint. The head is somewhat small in proportion to the body and mostly grey in colour, save for a pale whitish patch on the forehead and crown. The bill is short, measuring Template:Cvt in length, triangular in shape and black in colour with a prominent pale yellow-green cere covering more than half the length of the bill. Feathers on the breast and back have pale margins, while the upperwing coverts and scapular feathers each have a brownish grey spot near the tip. The flight feathers are grey with black tips, with the black extending to cover the distal half of the outer primaries, giving the appearance of a dark trailing edge to the wings when in flight. The tail feathers are black, and the legs are pink with black feet.<ref name=ABG/><ref name=BOW/><ref name=NZBO/>

Newly-hatched goslings are white with broad, dark stripes and a dark cere. Older juveniles are a paler grey with heavier spotting on the wings and scapular feathers than adults. The cere turns a light yellow-green colour at around 70 days old, with juveniles molting into adult plumage at around 6 months old.<ref name=ABG/><ref name=BOW/><ref name=NZBO/>

• Cape Barren Nest with Eggs.JPG

  Nest with eggs, Cleland Wildlife Park

• Cereopsis novaehollandiae -Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia -gosling-8.jpg

  Gosling, Phillip Island

• Cereopsis novaehollandiae Juvenile.jpg

  Juvenile, Maria Island

• Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae) pair with juvenile Maria Island.jpg

  Pair with juvenile, Maria Island

• Cereopsis novaehollandiae - Orielton lagoon.jpg

  Pair, Orielton Lagoon

• Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae) Kangaroo Island.jpg

  Adult, Kangaroo Island

• Cape Barren geese (Cereopsis novaehollandiae) in flight Kangaroo Island 2.jpg

  Adults in flight, Kangaroo Island

• Cape Barren Goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae) (2).jpg

  Head of adult, showing distinct bill

Behaviour

Cape Barren geese are largely terrestrial, only occasionally swimming.<ref name=ABG/> They predominantly graze on grasses, sedges, legumes, herbs, and succulents. Their diet may include plants such as Poa poiformis, Disphyma australe, Myoporum insulare, and species of Trifolium and Juncus.<ref name=BOW/><ref name=NZBO/><ref name=TAS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Males can produce a rapid, high-pitched honking call, often during takeoff or in flight. Both sexes make low, pig-like grunting sounds and hisses when alarmed.<ref name=ABG/> Goslings produce whistling distress calls.<ref name=BOW/>

Cape Barren geese are monogamous and typically mate for life. After mating, the pair will perform a "triumph ceremony" in which they raise and lower their heads while facing each other and calling loudly.<ref name=NZBO/> Pairs establish territories in autumn and breeding occurs in winter.<ref name=TAS/>

Pairs may nest singly or in loose colonies. The nest is a shallow hollow lined with vegetation and down, usually constructed amongst tussock grass, rocks, or bushes. The nest is mainly constructed by the male but lined by the female. The female typically lays four to five creamy white eggs at one-to-three-day intervals. The eggs are incubated only by the female over a period of 34–37 days.<ref name=BOW/> Both parents care for the young once hatched.<ref name=NZBO/>

Cape Barren geese are capable of drinking salt and brackish water, which allows them to remain on offshore islands year-round.<ref name=TAS/>

Range and habitat

A previous decline in numbers appears to have been reversed as birds in the east at least have adapted to feeding on agricultural land. The breeding areas are grassy islands off the Australian coast, where this species nests on the ground. Breeding pairs are strongly territorial. It bears captivity well, quite readily breeding in confinement if large enough paddocks are provided.

In Australia, 19th-century explorers named a number of islands "Goose Island" due to the species' presence there.

The geese were introduced into New Zealand unsuccessfully at least three times between 1869 and 1874. The only successful introduction instance in the region was in 1914-15 at Lakes Hawea and Wanaka which resulted in a small breeding population that persisted until 1946.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A few geese were introduced near Christchurch, New Zealand, where the population persists.Template:Citation needed

In 1968, a small number of geese were introduced to Maria Island.<ref name=TAS/>

External links

• {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} BirdLife Species Factsheet Template:Webarchive

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|CitationClass=web }} Holotype of Cereopsis novaehollandiae in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

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|CitationClass=web }} Photos, audio and video of Cape Barren goose from Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library

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|CitationClass=web }}Photos of Cape Barren goose from Graeme Chapman's photo library