Cessna 208 Caravan
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The Cessna 208 Caravan is a utility aircraft produced by Cessna. The project was commenced on November 20, 1981, and the prototype first flew on December 9, 1982. The production model was certified by the FAA in October 1984 and its Cargomaster freighter variant was developed for FedEx. The Template:Cvt longer 208B Super Cargomaster first flew in 1986 and was developed into the passenger 208B Grand Caravan.<ref name=Fraw76 />
The strutted, high wing 208 typically seats nine passengers in its unpressurized cabin, is powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A tractor turboprop and has a fixed tricycle landing gear, floats, or skis.<ref name=Textron14nov2017 />
By 2022, 3,000 had been delivered and 24 million flight hours have been logged. Caravans have been used for flight training, commuter airlines, VIP transport, air cargo, skydiving and humanitarian missions.
DevelopmentEdit
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On November 20, 1981, the project was given a go-ahead by Cessna for its Pawnee engineering facility. John Berwick, chief engineer at Pawnee, conceived of a single engine, high-wing airplane with a large payload. Berwick had originally approached Vice President Bill Boettger with the idea and once Dwane Wallace approved it, Berwick told Russ Meyer he would design it.<ref name=Rodengen1998 />
The prototype first flew on December 9, 1982.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The production model was certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in October 1984.<ref name=Fraw76 />
Deliveries began in 1985, and amphibious floats were approved that same year.<ref name=Textron13jan2023 /> A freighter variant without cabin windows was developed at the request of Federal Express as the Cargomaster.<ref name=Fraw76 /> FedEx had been initially planning to build twin-engine piston-powered airplanes with Piper Aircraft, but picked the Caravan after surveying it and having flown the prototype, becoming its standard carrier.<ref name="Rodengen1998">Template:Cite book</ref>
Another cargo variant for Federal Express, with a longer fuselage and a cargo pod under the belly, was developed as the 208B Super Cargomaster and flew for the first time in 1986.<ref name=Fraw76 /> Stretched by Template:Cvt, it received its FAA type certification also in 1986.<ref name=Textron13jan2023 /> A passenger model, the 208B Grand Caravan, was derived from the Super Cargomaster.<ref name="Fraw76">Template:Cite book</ref> It was first delivered in 1990.<ref name=Textron13jan2023 />
Since then, the Caravan has undergone a number of design evolutions, including upgrading the avionics in 2008 to provide a glass cockpit with the Garmin G1000 system.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In January 2013 a higher-powered (867 shp from P&WC PT6A-140) version, the Grand Caravan EX, received FAA certification.<ref>Pia Bergqvist, Cessna Grand Caravan EX Certified, Flying, March 2013 issue, p. 14</ref>
In August 2016, Textron announced that it would move the Cessna 208 production line from its Wichita headquarters to its Independence, Kansas, production facility, for manufacture alongside the piston-powered 172, 182, 206 and TTx, and the Citation M2 light jet. The move was made to make room for production of the Citation Longitude and Denali in Wichita.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2023, the 208 Caravan unit cost was US$2.32 million and US$2.61 million for the 208B Grand Caravan EX.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Chinese productionEdit
In May 2012, Cessna announced that an assembly line for the 208 would be established in China, with the government-owned China Aviation Industry General Aircraft (CAIGA) conducting final assembly of Caravans at its plant in Shijiazhuang for the Chinese market.<ref name="Pew03May12">Template:Cite news</ref> Chinese government approval was granted in September the following year and the first Chinese-assembled Caravan was delivered in December 2013.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By April 2016 about 30 aircraft, assembled from kits of parts shipped from the US by Cessna, had been delivered to Chinese operators by the joint venture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
DesignEdit
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The Cessna 208 is a high-wing braced cabin monoplane powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop in tractor configuration. The cabin has room for nine passengers and two crew when used as a passenger aircraft with four doors: one for each crew member, an airstair door on the right side of the cabin and a cargo door on the left. The aircraft can be optionally fitted with an underslung cargo pod.<ref name=Textron14nov2017 />
The basic 208 airframe has a fixed tricycle landing gear but can also be fitted with various types of landing gear, allowing it to operate in a wide variety of environments. Some common adaptations include floats with retractable landing gear on the Caravan Amphibian model, and skis.<ref name=Fraw76 />
The Caravan interior can be outfitted with seats or as a cargo compartment. The standard high-density airline configuration has four rows of 1-2 seating behind the two seats in the cockpit. This variant is capable of holding up to thirteen passengers, although it is marketed as being able to make a profit carrying just four.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The cabin can be configured in a low density passenger configuration, with 1-1 seating, as a combination of passengers and cargo, or as a strictly cargo aircraft.<ref name=":0" /> Many variants include an underbelly cargo pod, which can be used for additional freight capacity, or for passenger baggage. A number of Caravans are operated as skydiving aircraft with the left-side cargo hatch converted to a roll-up door.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The airplane typically seats nine passengers with a single pilot, although with a FAR Part 23 waiver it can seat up to fourteen passengers. The aircraft is also used for cargo operations.<ref name=Textron14nov2017 />
The short-fuselage Caravan burns Template:Cvt of fuel per hour at Template:Cvt for Template:Cvt stages.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Notable incidentsEdit
In August 2021, fearing Taliban reprisals, pilots of the Afghan Air Force made a last minute escape from Kabul to Tajikistan on an AC-208 moments before the city fell to the Taliban.<ref name="cbc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In November 2021, Egyptian Army Cessna 208s were used to fight smugglers in western Egypt.<ref name="disclose">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On May 11, 2022, a Cessna 208 pilot became incapacitated resulting in a passenger with no flight experience successfully making an emergency landing at Palm Beach International Airport. The passenger was assisted by Air Traffic Controller Robert Morgan, a certified flight instructor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On November 21, 2023, a Cessna 208 flew for the first time without any human on board. The plane was modified by Reliable Robotics to fly autonomously with a remote pilot able to send commands to the aircraft from 50 miles away via satellite communication to the onboard flight computers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On February 6, 2025, a Cessna Caravan went missing during a regular commuter flight from Unalakleet to Nome, Alaska. The plane was found by the United States Coast Guard on February 8 with all lives aboard lost.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
VariantsEdit
CivilianEdit
- Template:Visible anchor
- First production variant with a PT6A-114 turboprop engine and seating for up to nine passengers. The landplane variant was type approved on October 23, 1984, and the seaplane version with Wipline Model 8000 Amphibious/Seaplane Floats was type approved on March 26, 1986. Early aircraft can be modified to use the higher-powered PT6A-114A but have restricted operating limits.Template:Citation needed
- 208 Caravan 675
- Marketing designation for the 208 Caravan with a higher-powered PT6A-114A engine.Template:Citation needed
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- 208A Cargomaster
- A pure-cargo version of the Caravan developed with Federal Express (now FedEx); 40 aircraft produced.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> All 208A aircraft were serialized as 208 models.
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- Template:Visible anchor
- Officially named the 208B Caravan but marketed as the Grand Caravan. The 208B is Template:Convert longer than the 208; extending the cabin by the same amount. The 208B has a PT6A-114A engine. It was originally certified as a two-seater cargo version on October 9, 1986, and as an 11-seater passenger aircraft on December 13, 1989.Template:Citation needed
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- Marketing name for upgraded version of the 208B Caravan certified in December 2012, with a more powerful Template:Convert Pratt and Whitney Canada PT6A-140 that improves the rate of climb by 38% and was developed by Pratt & Whitney Canada specifically to power the 208B.<ref name="Niles13Jan13">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The unladen weight is Template:Convert more but maximum payload is only Template:Convert more. While the Template:Convert more powerful PT6A-140 gives a Template:Convert higher cruise speed – and rate of climb is improved by Template:Convert, range is reduced to Template:Convert on a similar fuel capacity. It requires a longer take off run at Template:Convert and its landing roll is at Template:Convert.<ref name="208Bspecs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> In early October 2019, after just under six years in production, the company had delivered 500 Grand Caravan EXs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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- Marketing name for the cargo variant of the 208B series. FedEx purchased 260 of this variant.Template:Citation needed
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- Caravan Amphibian
- A 208 or 208B with either Wipaire 8000 or 8750 floats that have retractable landing gear, for water landings or land operations.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Aftermarket variantsEdit
Production aircraft modified after delivery by Supplemental Type Certificates:
- Soloy Pathfinder 21
- Single example of a twin-engined stretched fuselage development of the 208 by the Soloy Corporation. Two PT6D-114A engines mounted side-by-side drove a single propeller; and the fuselage was extended by Template:Convert behind the wing. The project was abandoned as the design was unable to meet certification requirements.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 850 Caravan
- 208 with an Template:Convert Honeywell TPE331-12JR-701S engine, installed by Aero Twin Inc.<ref name="caravan850">850 Caravan Template:Webarchive Retrieved 18 February 2012.</ref>
- 950 Grand Caravan
- 208B with a Template:Convert Honeywell TPE331-12JR-704AT engine, installed by Aero Twin Inc.<ref name="caravan850" />
- Blackhawk Caravan
- 208 and 208B conversion to Template:Convert PT6A-42A.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Supervan 900
- 208B with a Template:Convert (Template:Convert flat-rated) Honeywell TPE331-12JR engine, installed by Texas Turbine Conversions, Inc.<ref>Supervan 900 Retrieved 25 July 2017.</ref>
- XP42A Upgrade
- 208B with an Template:Convert Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-42A engine, installed by Blackhawk<ref>XP42A Upgrade Template:Webarchive Retrieved 18 February 2012.</ref>
ExperimentalEdit
The eCaravan is an electric aircraft modification of the 208B built by AeroTEC and magniX powered by a Template:Cvt motor and a Template:Cvt, 750 V lithium-ion battery.<ref name=Flight29may2020 />
The plane's 30-minute first flight happened from Grant County International Airport in Moses Lake, Washington, on May 28, 2020, consuming US$6 worth of electricity, needing 30–40 min of charging.<ref name=Flight29may2020 />
The Magni500-powered variant can fly Template:Convert with 4–5 passengers while keeping reserve power, and aims for a certification by the end of 2021, hoping to operate Template:Convert flights with a full load of nine passengers with better batteries.<ref name="Flight29may2020">Template:Cite news</ref>
MilitaryEdit
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- U-27A
- United States Department of Defense designation for the Cessna 208.
- C-16
- United States Department of Defense designation for proposed variant to be used by the United States Army in El Salvador and Nicaragua during the 1980s.Template:Citation needed
- C-98
- Brazilian Air Force designation for the standard U-27.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- AC-208 Combat Caravan
- Caravan with wing hardpoints. An ISTAR version built by ATK armed with Hellfire missiles is used by the Iraqi Air Force.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> The AC-208 received its combat debut in January 2014 when the Iraqi Air Force began employing it against insurgents in Anbar province.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One aircraft crashed in March 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Lebanese Air Force requested a new AC-208 and the conversion of the 208 it already operated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Between 2009 and 2019, Northrop Grumman delivered two AC-208Bs and one RC-208B (an ISTAR variant) to the Lebanese Air Force.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Other AC-208s are scheduled to be delivered to countries in the Middle East and Africa through the Foreign Military Sales program. Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Burkina Faso are possible recipients of these AC-208 Combat Caravans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Failed verification
- MC-208 Guardian
- The MC-208 Guardian multi-role aircraft is built on the Cessna Caravan, capable of performing aerial surveillance, close air support, casualty and medical evacuations, air mobility, and precision strike all in one mission without the need for reconfiguration, eliminating the need to deploy and operate multiple aircraft. It was selected as one of five finalists for the United States Special Operations Command's (USSOCOM's) Armed Overwatch program.
OperatorsEdit
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The 1,000th was delivered in 1998; the 1,500th in 2005; the 2,000th in 2010;<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> the 2,500th in 2015;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the 3,000th in 2022.<ref name="Textron13jan2023">Template:Cite press release</ref> By March 2022, 24 million flight hours have been logged.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
Certified in 100 countries, Caravans are used for flight training, recreation, commuter airlines, VIP transport, cargo carriers and humanitarian missions.<ref name="Textron14nov2017">Template:Cite press release</ref> It is also used by government agencies in law enforcement, air ambulance services, police and military.<ref name=Rodengen1998 />
Civil operatorsEdit
The Cessna 208 is used by governmental organizations and by a large number of companies for police, air ambulance, passenger transport, air charter, freight and parachuting operations. FedEx operates 239 aircraft.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Military operatorsEdit
A total of 123 Cessna 208s were in military service as transport in 2024.<ref name="AFdir">Template:Cite news</ref>
AccidentsEdit
As of February 2025, there have been 277 Caravan hull losses from all causes, including 271 accidents causing 516 fatalities – an average of {{#expr:427/216round1}} fatalities per hull-loss, with 27.4% of all occupants surviving fatal accidents; and eight hijackings causing one fatality. For the 198 out of the 277 hull-loss occurrences where the aircraft was in use and its flight nature is known, 36.9% were passenger flights, 33.8% cargo flights, 8.1% military flights, 5.6% special flights – agriculture, survey, etc., 4% private and business flights, 3% test or flight training and 8.1% miscellaneous uses – demonstrations, deliveries, illegal.<ref name="ASNstats">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Specifications (208 Caravan)Edit
Right: 208B Grand Caravan with side views of Super Cargomaster and standard versions
See alsoEdit
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ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Cessna Template:US utility aircraft Template:FAB aircraft designations Template:Authority control