Charles the Younger
Template:Short description Template:Infobox royalty Template:Carolingians Charles the Younger (Template:Circa – 4 December 811) was the son of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne and his wife Queen Hildegard. Charlemagne's second son, Charles gained favour over his older, possibly illegitimate half brother Pepin. Charles was entrusted with lands and important military commands by his father. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III, and during this ceremony Charles was anointed a king. Charles was designated as the heir of the bulk of Charlemagne's lands but predeceased his father, leaving the empire to be inherited by his younger brother Louis the Pious.
LifeEdit
Charles was born in 772 or 773 to the Frankish king Charlemagne and his wife Hildegard. Charles was Charlemagne's second son, having an older half-brother named Pepin, called Pepin the Hunchback. In 774, as Charlemagne was besieging Pavia, capital of the Lombard Kingdom, he sent for Hildegard and his sons to join the army at the camp outside the city.Template:Snf Charlemagne conquered the city by June 774, becoming king of the Lombards in addition to being king of the Franks.Template:Sfn Charlemagne and his family returned north to Francia by July or August.Template:Sfn There is little recorded of the rest of Charles' childhood. It is known that Charlemagne had all his children educated in the liberal arts, and his sons received training in riding, combat, and hunting.Template:Sfn
In 781, Charlemagne and Hildegard brought their younger children, including their sons Carloman and Louis to Rome, leaving Pepin and Charles in Francia.Template:Sfn In Rome, Pope Adrian I baptized the children, and in the process Carloman was renamed Pepin, now sharing a name with his half-brother.Template:Sfn The newly renamed Pepin and Louis were also then anointed and crowned, Pepin appointed king of the Lombards and Louis king of Aquitaine.Template:Sfn The two new kings, still young children, were sent to their new kingdoms to be raised by regents and advisors in their own courts.Template:Sfn Italy and Aquitaine were additions to Charlemagne's realm, and it is possible that in assigning them to his younger sons, Charlemagne intended the core Frankish kingdom to be a split inheritance between Charles and the elder Pepin.Template:Sfn
Charles received his first command as he came of age in 784,Template:Sfn leading an army in Westphalia during a campaign of the Saxon Wars.Template:Sfn From then on, Charles "gained continual prominence a his father's deputy"Template:Sfn and he would continue to be given army commands in Saxony.Template:Sfn In 789, Charlemagne granted Charles rule of "the kingdom west of the Seine,"Template:Sfn corresponding to the Duchy of Maine in Neustria.Template:Sfn It was proposed that Charles wed Ælfflæd, daughter of King Offa of Mercia and forge an alliance between the Franks and the Anglo-Saxon king.Template:Sfn Offa was amenable, but insisted that Charles' sister Bertha also be married to his own son.Template:Sfn Charlemagne was insulted by this, and the marriage did not occur.Template:Sfn Charlemagne declared a blockade on all trade from England, which lasted three years until a treaty negotiated by Alcuin of York was agreed to.Template:Sfn
Dissension seemingly grew between Charles and his elder half-brother. Wandelbert, a monk writing in the mid-ninth century, recounts a story of the two brothers travelling with their father down the Rhine, each in their own boat. By chance, both stopped at the church dedicated to Saint Goar and, moved by the holiness of the church and the saint, "they now came together in brotherly concord and a pledge of friendship."Template:Sfn This dissension between Charles and Pepin was likely over the succession.Template:Sfn Pepin was the son of Himiltrude, whose precise relationship with Charlemagne was unclear.Template:Efn By the 780s, Pepin was seen as illegitimate, and though earlier Frankish inheritance practices did not distinguish sons by their mother's marital status, it seems this distinction was becoming important.Template:Sfn This apparent sidelining of Pepin was signaled by Charles' status as his father's deputy on campaigns, while Pepin received no such commands.Template:Sfn Following his grant of lands in Maine, Charles began to be described as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or "first-born", despite Pepin being older.Template:Sfn In 792, Pepin conspired with Bavarian nobles to assassinate Charlemagne, Charles, Pepin and Louis (who had all gathered at Regensburg) and install himself as king. The plot was discovered and revealed to Charlemagne. Pepin was sent to a monastery and many of his co-conspirators were executed.Template:Sfn
In 800 Charles joined his father in surveying his lands and defenses in Neustria where Danish pirates had been raiding, before the two travelled to Rome together.Template:Sfn Charlemagne went to Rome to oversee the restoration of Pope Leo III. At mass on Christmas Day, 25 December 800, Leo crowned Charlemagne as emperor and anointed Charles as a king.Template:Sfn
Charles continued to be a key lieutenant and military leader for his father,Template:Sfn as Charlemagne rarely led armies directly in his later year.Template:Sfn In 804, Charles was assigned the privilege of escorting Leo III north on the Pope's final visit to Francia.Template:Sfn Frankish annals record Charles' successful campaigns against the Bohemians, Sorbs, and other Slavic groups in 805 and 806.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 806, Charlemagne issued the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which outlined formalized plans for the inheritance of the empire upon his death. Charles, as his eldest son in good favour, was given the largest share of the inheritance, with rule of Francia proper along with Saxony, Nordgau, and parts of Alemannia. Louis and the younger Pepin were confirmed in their kingdoms of Aquitaine and Italy, and gained additional territories, with most of Bavaria and Alemmannia given to Pepin and Provence, Septimania, and parts of Burgundy to Louis.Template:Sfn Charlemagne did not address the inheritance of the imperial title.Template:Sfn The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} also addressed the death of any of the brothers, and urged peace between them and between any of their nephews who might inherit.Template:Sfn In 808, Charles led the Frankish armies that responded to the incursion of the Danish king Gudfred.Template:Sfn
Charlemagne's succession plans did not come to fruition. Pepin of Italy, along with his sister Rotrude, aunt Gisela, Abbess of Chelles, and his half brother Pepin the Hunchback died in quick succession in 810–811.Template:Sfn Charles followed them, dying on 4 December 811.Template:Sfn All were possibly victims of an epidemic that had spread from cattle in 810.Template:Sfn Charles' place of death and burial are unknown.Template:Sfn In the wake of these deaths, Charlemagne declared Pepin's son Bernard ruler of Italy, and his own only surviving son Louis as heir to the rest of the empire.Template:Sfn Louis was crowned as emperor in 813, and would fully succeed Charlemagne upon his death in 814.Template:Sfn
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