Chaudhri Muhammad Ali
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Chaudhri Muhammad AliTemplate:Efn (15 July 1905 – 2 December 1982) was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the fourth prime minister of Pakistan from 1955 until his resignation in 1956. His government transitioned Pakistan from a British Dominion to an Islamic Republic.
He resigned from the position of Prime Minister in 1956, and from the Muslim League as well, when he failed at healing rifts with Muslim League, and a new party, named as Republican Party. His credibility is noted for promulgating the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan lost political endorsement from his party when failing to investigate the allegations on vote rigging and the secret defections in favour of the Republican Party.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early life and educationEdit
Muhammad Ali was born in Jullundar, Punjab on 15 July 1905 into a Punjabi Arain family.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Westview Press, Burki, LePorte, et.al. (1991)">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
After his matriculation, Muhammad Ali showed great aptitude for science, first moving to attend the Punjab University in Lahore where he read and graduated with BSc degree in chemistry in 1925.<ref name="Routledge, Kumarasingham">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1927, Muhammad Ali attained MSc in chemistry from Punjab University, and lectured at the Islamia College until 1928.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Routledge, Kumarasingham"/><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /><ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
Civil service careerEdit
British IndiaEdit
In 1928, Muhammad Ali went to join the Indian Civil Service, first working as an accountant at the Audit and Accounts Service and was deputed to audit the Bahawalpur state.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" /> In 1936, Muhammad Ali was moved as Private Secretary to James Grigg, the Finance Minister of India, who later appointed him as the First Indian financial adviser when Grigg was appointed as the War Secretary in 1945.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" /> In 1946–47, Muhammad Ali was selected to serve as one of two secretaries to the Partition Council presided over by Lord Mountbatten, later appointed as Finance Secretary at the Ministry of Finance.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" /> Over this issue of partition, Muhammad Ali worked with H.M. Patel and Walter Christir to prepare a document titled The Administrative Consequences of Partition.<ref>John Christie Morning Drum BACSA 1983 Template:ISBN pp95-102</ref>
PakistanEdit
At the time of the India's partition in 1947, Muhammad Ali opted for Pakistan.<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Lyon, 2008">Template:Cite book</ref>
After the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, Muhammad Ali was moved as the Finance Secretary under Finance Minister Sir Ghulam Muhammad, along with Victor Turner, but this appointment lasted until 1948 due a cabinet reshuffle.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" /> He was appointed as the Federal Secretary at the Establishment Division, and aided greatly in setting up the civil bureaucracy and preparing the nation's first federal budget presented by Finance Minister Sir Ghulam Muhammad in 1951.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" />
Political careerEdit
Finance ministerEdit
In 1951, Muhammad Ali was appointed as the Finance Minister by Prime Minister K. Nazimuddin and was announced to be kept in the Finance ministry in Bogra's Talent ministry in 1953.<ref name="Ferozsons, Khuhro, 1998">Template:Cite book</ref>
PremiershipEdit
On 11 August 1955, Muhammad Ali was appointed as the Prime Minister of Pakistan by then-Governor-General Iskandar Mirza, upon the dismissal of the Bogra's Talent administration.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /> Prime Minister Ali placed a great emphasis on drafting the Constitution of Pakistan, and implemented the One Unit scheme despite regional opposition.<ref name="Infobase Publishing, Wynbrandt, 2009">Template:Cite book</ref>
He favored French architect Michel Ecochard over Greek architect Constantinos Doxiadis for the planning of the new capital in 1955, though the project nonetheless went Doxiadis in the 1960s.<ref name="Routledge, Bates and Mio, 2015">Template:Cite book</ref>
It was during his term that the first Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated, on 23 March 1956, where the nation-state was declared as Islamic republic with a parliamentary form of government.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al. (Const, 1956)">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His premiership was endorsed by President Iskandar Mirza and the three-party coalition government composing of Awami League, Muslim League and the Republican Party at the National Assembly.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /> In 1955, Prime Minister Ali took over the party presidency.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" />
In July 1956, Muhammad Ali met with the Indian Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru of India in an attempt to settle the key issue that was preventing the normalization of relations between Pakistan and India. This was the issue of Kashmir that had been divided between India and Pakistan in 1948. That issue remains unsettled to this day.
Despite his feat, Prime Minister Muhammad Ali proved to be a poor politician who failed to maintain control over his party when he reached a compromise to dismissed the cabinet members of his own party in favor of appointing the cabinet composing of Republican Party and Awami League in 1955–56.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /> After appointing Abdul Jabbar Khan as the Chief minister of West-Pakistan who subsequently helped in secret trading in favor of Republican Party that made the Republicans in majority in the National Assembly, the Muslim League demanded its president to investigate the matter but Prime Minister Ali refused to support the parliamentary resolution in the National Assembly by believing that "he was responsible only to the Cabinet and the Parliament, not the party."<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" />
On 8 September 1956, the parliamentary leaders of the Muslim League under A.Q. Khan, successfully brought the motion of no confidence at the National Assembly that effectively removed him from the party's presidency.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /> Despite support from President Mirza, Prime Minister Ali eventually resigned when Huseyn S. Suhrawardy gained support from the Muslim League for the premiership.<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Lyon, 2008" />
Post-resignationEdit
After his resignation, Ali joined the National Bank as an advisor. He tried playing a role in national politics in the 1960s,<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Lyon, 2008" /> but was ostracized by the Muslim League due to his political role played in 1950s.Template:Citation needed
His son, Khalid Anwer, served as the law and justice minister in Nawaz Sharif's administrations while his younger son, Amjad Ahsan Ali, is a medical doctor. In 1967, he wrote his memoir, The Emergence of Pakistan. He died due to a cardiac arrest on 2 December 1982 in estate in Karachi where he was buried.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
BooksEdit
- The Emergence of Pakistan, Research Society of Pakistan, 1967, 418 p.
- Ataturk, Ilaqi Saqafati Idarah, 1969, 320 p.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
External linksEdit
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