Chernihiv Oblast
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Chernihiv Oblast (Template:Langx), also referred to as Chernihivshchyna (Template:Langx), is an oblast (province) in northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Chernihiv. There are 1,511 settlements in the oblast, with a total population of Template:Ua-pop-est2022
GeographyEdit
The total area of the province is around 31,900 km².
On the west, the oblast is bordered by the Kyiv Reservoir of the Dnieper River and Kyiv Oblast, which has a enclave known as Slavutych, which was created from Chernihiv Oblast for the inhabitants of Chernobyl following the Chernobyl disaster. It is bordered by Sumy Oblast to the east and Poltava Oblast to the south. The northern border of the oblast is part of Ukraine's international border abutting Belarus's Gomel Region in the north-west and the Russian Bryansk Oblast in the north-east, respectively.
The oblast is bisected into northern and southern sections by the Desna River, which enters the Dnieper just north of the Kyiv city limits. It is located in the historic regions of Left-bank Ukraine and Polissia.
HistoryEdit
Chernihiv Oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on 15 October 1932.
The capital city of Chernihiv has known human settlement for over 2,000 years, according to archaeological excavations. Chernihiv Oblast comprises a very important historical region, notable as early as the Kievan Rus' period, when the cities of Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi were frequently mentioned. The city of Chernihiv was the second most important Ukrainian city during the Rus' period of Ukrainian history, often serving as a major regional capital. Danylo of Chernihiv wrote of his pilgrimage to Jerusalem during this era. The region at various times was ruled by the Kievan Rus', Mongol Empire, Lithuania, Poland and Russia. Numerous tragic events have taken place in the region, such as the Battle of Kruty and the Koriukivka massacre.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During World War II, the province was occupied by Germany in 1941–1943.
During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Chernihiv Oblast was one of the first regions where Russian and Ukrainian forces clashed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="hromadske.online">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 4 April 2022 Governor of Chernihiv Oblast Vyacheslav Chaus stated that the Russian military had left Chernihiv Oblast, but that it had planted mines in many areas.<ref>Russian Military Leaves Chernihiv Region, Plants Mines In Many Areas - Governor Chaus, Ukrainian News Agency (4 April 2022)</ref> On 4 and 5 April 2022 units of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine retook control of their border crossing in Chernihiv Oblast.<ref>Template:In lang Ukrainian border guards crossed the state border in Chernihiv region, Ukrayinska Pravda (5 April 2022)</ref>
DemographicsEdit
The current estimated population of the oblast is around 976,701 (as of 2021).
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, ethnic Ukrainians accounted for 93.5% of the population of Chernihiv Oblast, and ethnic Russians for 5.0%.<ref>Template:In lang Етнічний склад населення України, 2001 рік</ref><ref>Банк даних, перепис 2001 року</ref>
LanguageEdit
Due to the Russification of Ukraine during the Soviet era, the share of Ukrainian speakers in the population of Chernihiv Oblast gradually decreased between the 1970 and 1989 censuses, while the share of Russian speakers increased.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Native language of the population of Chernihiv Oblast according to the results of population censuses:<ref>Итоги Всесоюзной переписи населения 1959 года: Украинская ССР, стр. 168—193</ref><ref>Численность и состав населения СССР: по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения 1979 года. Центральное статистическое управление СССР, 1984</ref><ref>Чорний С. Національний склад населення України в ХХ сторіччі (2001)</ref><ref>Итоги Всесоюзной переписи населения 1970 года. Том IV — М., Статистика, 1973</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| 1959 | 1970 | 1989 | 2001 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukrainian | 88.1% | 88.8% | 85.7% | 89.1% |
| Russian | 11.1% | 10.6% | 13.6% | 10.3% |
| Other | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.4% |
Native language of the population of the raions and cities of Chernihiv Oblast according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Ukrainian | Russian | |
|---|---|---|
| Chernihiv Oblast | 89.1% | 10.3% |
| City of Chernihiv | 74.0% | 24.5% |
| City of Nizhyn | 89.5% | 8.9% |
| City of Pryluky | 92.9% | 6.8% |
| Bakhmach Raion | 97.1% | 2.5% |
| Bobrovytsia Raion | 97.9% | 1.8% |
| Borzna Raion | 98.4% | 1.4% |
| Varva Raion | 97.0% | 2.7% |
| Horodnia Raion | 92.5% | 7.0% |
| Ichnia Raion | 97.8% | 2.0% |
| Kozelets Raion | 95.8% | 3.8% |
| Korop Raion | 97.8% | 2.0% |
| Koriukivka Raion (in pre-2020 borders) |
96.9% | 2.8% |
| Kulykivka Raion | 98.0% | 1.7% |
| Mena Raion | 97.5% | 2.1% |
| Nizhyn Raion (in pre-2020 borders) |
98.5% | 1.3% |
| Novhorod-Siverskyi Raion (in pre-2020 borders) |
63.9% | 35.9% |
| Nosivka Raion | 97.9% | 1.7% |
| Pryluky Raion (in pre-2020 borders) |
97.2% | 2.4% |
| Ripky Raion | 87.6% | 11.4% |
| Semenivka Raion | 80.4% | 19.4% |
| Snovsk Raion | 89.4% | 10.3% |
| Sosnytsia Raion | 98.4% | 1.4% |
| Sribne Raion | 98.3% | 1.5% |
| Talalaivka Raion | 98.0% | 1.9% |
| Chernihiv Raion (in pre-2020 borders) |
95.4% | 4.0% |
Ukrainian is the only official language on the whole territory of Chernihiv Oblast.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to a poll conducted by Rating from 16 November to 10 December 2018 as part of the project «Portraits of Regions», 80% of the residents of Chernihiv Oblast believed that the Ukrainian language should be the only state language on the entire territory of Ukraine. 12% believed that Ukrainian should be the only state language, while Russian should be the second official language in some regions of the country. 3% believed that Russian should become the second state language of the country. 5% found it difficult to answer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 21 March 2023, Chernihiv Oblast Military Administration approved the «Programme to promote the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language in Chernihiv Oblast for 2023—2028», the main objective of which is to strengthen the positions of the Ukrainian language in various spheres of public life in the oblast.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to the research of the Content Analysis Centre, conducted from 15 August to 15 September 2024, the topic of which was the ratio of Ukrainian and Russian languages in the Ukrainian segment of social media, 76.2% of posts from Chernihiv Oblast were written in Ukrainian (67.8% in 2023, 56.6% in 2022, 18.1% in 2020), while 23.8% were written in Russian (32.2% in 2023, 43.4% in 2022, 81.9% in 2020).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
After Ukraine declared independence in 1991, Chernihiv Oblast, as well as Ukraine as a whole, experienced a gradual Ukrainization of the education system, which had been Russified<ref>Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy, 1934-1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December 1984): 1019-1039.</ref> during the Soviet era. Dynamics of the ratio of the languages of instruction in general secondary education institutions in Chernihiv Oblast:<ref>«Статистичний щорічник України за 1998 рік» — К., 1999. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} — {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} — {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Language of instruction, % of pupils |
1991— 1992 |
1992— 1993 |
1993— 1994 |
1994— 1995 |
1995— 1996 |
2000— 2001 |
2005— 2006 |
2007— 2008 |
2010— 2011 |
2012— 2013 |
2015— 2016 |
2018— 2019 |
2021— 2022 |
2022— 2023 |
| Ukrainian | 67.1% | 70.3% | 74.0% | 78.0% | 81.0% | 94.0% | 99.0% | 99.0% | 99.5% | 99.6% | 99.6% | 99.6% | 99.97% | 100.0% |
| Russian | 32.9% | 29.7% | 26.0% | 22.0% | 19.0% | 6.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.03% | — |
According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in the 2023—2024 school year, all 89,872 pupils in general secondary education institutions in Chernihiv Oblast were studying in classes where Ukrainian was the language of instruction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} — {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The province has experienced long-term population decline. The population has fallen 37% from the 1959 figure of 1,554,000, the steepest decline of any Ukrainian oblast. It has the lowest population density in the country.
Age structureEdit
- 0-14 years: 12.9% Template:Increase (male 70,680/female 67,487)
- 15-64 years: 68.4% Template:Decrease (male 352,230/female 378,864)
- 65 years and over: 18.7% Template:Decrease (male 61,722/female 138,277) (2013 official)
Median ageEdit
- total: 42.8 years Template:Steady
- male: 38.5 years Template:Increase
- female: 46.9 years Template:Steady (2013 official)
Administrative subdivisionsEdit
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Since July 2020, Chernihiv Oblast is administratively subdivided into 5 raions (districts).
The following data incorporates the number of each type of administrative divisions of Chernihiv Oblast:
- Administrative centre — 1 (Chernihiv),
- Raions — 5,
- Hromadas — 57, including:
- Urban hromadas — 16,
- Settlement hromadas — 24,
- Rural hromadas — 17.
The local administration of the oblast is controlled by the Chernihiv Oblast Rada. The governor of the oblast is the Chernihiv Oblast Rada speaker, appointed by the President of Ukraine.
Important settlementsEdit
- Largest cities
- File:Coat of Arms of Chernihiv.svg Chernihiv (294,727)
- File:Nizhyn gerb.png Nizhyn (72,422)
- File:Priluky.png Pryluky (58,456)
- File:Bahmach gerb.svg Bakhmach (18,798)
- File:Nosivka new gerb.gif Nosivka (14,185)
- File:Novhorod-Siverskiy herb.png Novhorod-Siverskyi (14,025)
- Other settlements
- Borzna (historical city)
- Kozelets (historical town)
- Liubech (historical city of Middle Ages)
- Baturyn (Hetman residence and fort)
RaionsEdit
The Slavutych municipality is located in Chernihiv Oblast on the eastern bank of the Dnieper, but officially belongs to Kyiv Oblast (being an administrative exclave).
EconomyEdit
IndustryEdit
The economy of Chernihiv Oblast is centered around petroleum and natural gas extraction, transport, machinery, tobacco and the textile industry. A major tobacco factory is situated in Pryluky. The cities of Bakhmach and Nizhyn are important railway junctions on the route from Russia and Belarus to Southeast Europe. There are notable machinery and electronics industries in Chernihiv. Chernihiv also has a brewery producing beer under the name "Chernihivske".
ReligionEdit
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The religion among believers in the oblast is overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox. A substantial percentage of the population is atheist. Small minorities of Ukrainian Catholics, Roman Catholics (including the descendants of earlier Polish colonists), and recent converts to Protestantism are also present.
Culture and tourist attractionsEdit
There are several outstanding historical Orthodox churches and buildings in Chernihiv, Novhorod-Siverskyi, Liubech, Nizhyn, Kozelets, and Pryluky. Nizhyn is a historical Cossack city and home to a university.
- Saint Anthony's Caves
- Churches of Chernihiv, including Saviour-Transfiguration Cathedral, Boris and Gleb Cathedral, Yeletsky Monastery, Trinity Monastery, St. Catherine's Church, Piatnytska Church
- Hustynia Monastery
- Kniazhyi hrad
- Kachanivka Palace and Sokyryntsi Palace
Chernihiv Oblast was famous for its specific style of folk icon-painting. Brightness and realistic depictions of the saints were typical for it, with red and hot yellow paints used. The icons were decorated by flowers in a manner reminiscent of Slavonic pre-Christian traditions. The icons from Chernihiv Oblast were spread outside its territory. Many of them are preserved in the Museum of Ukrainian home icons of the Radomysl Castle.Template:Citation needed
NomenclatureEdit
Most of Ukraine's oblasts are named after their capital cities, officially referred to as "oblast centres" (Template:Langx, translit. oblasnyi tsentr). The name of each oblast is a relative adjective, formed by adding a feminine suffix to the name of respective centre city: Chernihiv is the centre of the Chernihivs'ka oblast' (Chernihiv Oblast). Most oblasts are also sometimes referred to in a feminine noun form, following the convention of traditional regional place names, ending with the suffix "-shchyna", as is the case with the Chernihiv Oblast, Chernihivshchyna.
GalleryEdit
- Небо палає.jpg
Krasna Square in Chernihiv
- Transfiguration cathedral. Chernihiv.JPG
Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernihiv, one of the oldest surviving buildings of pre-Mongol Rus'
- Миколаївський собор.jpg
St. Nicholas Cathedral in Nizhyn, the prototype of Ukrainian Baroque
- Собор Різдва. Прилуки. 2.jpg
Nativity of the Theotokos Cathedral in Pryluky
- Р. Десна Новгород-Сіверський.jpg
Transfiguration Monastery in Novhorod-Siverskyi
- Kachanivka panorama.jpg
- Sokyryntsi Park-palace-2.JPG
Sokyryntsi Palace
- Палац К. Розумовського.jpg
Kyrylo Rozumovskyi's Palace in Baturyn
- Архітектурно-меморіальний комплекс Цитадель.jpg
- РЛП «Міжрічинський», Десна. img2.jpg
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Template:Reflist Template:Refbegin
- Kardash, Peter. Ukraine and Ukrainians. Ed. Peter Lockwood. Melbourne: Fortuna Publishers, 1988.
- (1972) Історіа міст і сіл Української CCP - Чернігівська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Chernihiv Oblast), Kiev. Template:In lang
- Information Card of the Region - Official site of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
- Богомолець. О. "Замок-музей Радомисль на Шляху Королів Via Regia". — Київ, 2013
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project links Template:Refbegin
- Very detailed map of Chernigov Guberniya as in 1910 Template:Webarchive Latinised placenames
- Chernihiv Oblast State Administration Template:In lang
- patent.net.ua - Symbols of Chernihiv Oblast
Template:Chernihiv Oblast Template:Administrative divisions of Ukraine