Incubator escapee wiki

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:About

Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox instituteTemplate:Infobox Chinese

The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; Template:Zh)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> is the national academy for natural sciences and the highest consultancy for science and technology of the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is the world's largest research organization, with 106 research institutes, 2 universities, 71,300 full-time employees, and 79 thousand graduate students.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republican era and was formerly also known by that name until the 1980s. The academy functions as the national scientific think tank and academic governing body, providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy, social development, and science and technology progress. It is headquartered in Beijing, with affiliate institutes throughout China. It has also created hundreds of commercial enterprises, Lenovo being one of the most famous.

The academy also runs the University of Science and Technology of China and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,<ref name=":8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> both of which were among the world's top three academic institutions in the Nature Index rankings as of 2024.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MembershipEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Chinese Academy of Sciences headquarters (20170613183855).jpg
CAS headquarters building front in 2017

Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, also known by the title Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Template:Zh), is a lifelong honor given to Chinese scientists who have made significant achievements in various fields. According to the Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences adopted in 1992 and recently amended in the year 2014, it is the highest academic title in China. A formal CAS member must hold Chinese citizenship, although foreign citizens may be elected as CAS foreign academicians. Members older than 80 are designated as "senior members" and may no longer hold leading positions in the organization.<ref name="bylaws">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carry an obligation to advance science and technology, to advocate and uphold scientific spirit, to develop a scientific and technological workforce, to attend member meetings and receive consultation and evaluation tasks, and to promote international exchanges and cooperation. Academicians can give suggestions and influence Chinese state policy related to science and technology.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

In 1956, China formally began its computing program when it launched the Twelve-Year Science Plan and formed the Beijing Institute of Computing Technology under the CAS.<ref name=":Mullaney2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In 1964, CAS debuted China's first self-developed large digital computer, the 119.<ref name=":Mullaney2" />Template:Rp The 119 was a core technology in facilitating China's first successful nuclear weapon test (Project 596), also in 1964.<ref name=":Mullaney2" />Template:Rp

Beginning in 1972, CAS began promoting the idea of balancing applied research with more theoretical research and in having scientific exchanges with other developing countries.<ref name=":Minami">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

As vice premier, Deng Xiaoping in 1975 also sought to re-orient CAS towards more theoretical research, which had not been a focus during the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp Deng emphasized that "the Academy of Sciences is an Academy of Sciences, not an Academy of Cabbage."<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp Deng assigned CAS vice president Hu Yaobang to draft a plan for overhauling CAS.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp Deng and his aide Hu Qiaomu revised the draft and in September 1974 issued "The Outline Report on the Work of the Academy of Sciences".<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp The Outline described scientific research in China as lagging behind the needs of socialist construction and the state of the advanced countries, and stated that to catch up, China should emphasize basic science in order to develop a sound theoretical foundation.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp

This approach to scientific reform fell out of political favor in 1976 when Deng was purged, although it continued to be supported by many members within CAS.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp A month before Deng's political return in 1977 however, the Outline Report was revived and adopted as CAS's official policy.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp

Shortly after his return, Deng hosted a series of meetings on science and education in which he stated that science should become the forerunner of China's modernization.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp Following these remarks, CAS prepared its goals for natural science disciplines to be achieved by 1985, stating that as a developing socialist country, China should strengthen basic scientific research through foreign exchanges.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp

To further promote this agenda, Deng began a campaign to promote the National Science Conference.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp A team led by CAS vice president Fang Yi instructed schools, factories, and communes to organize youth-focused events celebrating science and technology.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp

In 1977, the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences was split off of CAS and reorganized into the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and led by Hu Qiaomu.<ref name=":Minami" />Template:Rp

The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established in 2001 as a successor to the Graduate School of the University of Science and Technology of China (Beijing).The Ministry of Education (MOE) approved the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) application to change its name to the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) on July 23, 2012. Additionally, the MOE recommended that CAS discontinue the operation of the CAS Graduate School. In 2023, the Pasteur Institute suspended ties with CAS.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

OrganizationEdit

File:Zhejiang Ningbo CAS NIMTE entrance.jpg
Main entrance to Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, CAS, in Ningbo, Zhejiang
File:BeijingInstituteOfComputingTechnologyChineseAcademyOfSciences.jpg
Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing

The Chinese Academy of Sciences maintains a large number of subordinate institutions nationwide.

Internal OrganizationsEdit

According to the "Regulations on Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)", CAS has set up the following constitute departments at its headquarters:<ref name="i813">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Failed verification

  • Office of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • Bureau of Academic Departments
  • Bureau of Frontier Science and Basic Research
  • Bureau of Major Science and Technology Tasks
  • Bureau of Sustainable Development Research
  • Bureau of Science and Technology Basic Capabilities
  • Development Planning Bureau
  • Finance and Asset Management Bureau
  • Personnel Bureau
  • Party Committee of the Immediate Organs
  • Bureau of International Cooperation
  • Bureau of Supervision and Audit
  • Bureau of Retired Cadres Work

Directly Affiliated InstitutionsEdit

Research Units Directly Affiliated toEdit

Beijing unitsEdit
File:Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (20230911112153).jpg
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
File:Institute of BioPhysics Beijing.jpg
Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Shenyang BranchEdit
File:Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics.jpg
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Changchun BranchEdit
Shanghai BranchEdit
File:Shanghai 65-meter Tianma Radio Telescope.jpg
Tianma 65-meter Radio Telescope in Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Nanjing BranchEdit
File:Purple mountain.jpg
Purple Mountain Observatory
Wuhan BranchEdit
Guangzhou BranchEdit
File:South China National Botanical Garden Entrance.jpg
South China National Botanical Garden
Chengdu BranchEdit
Kunming BranchEdit
File:Kunming Botanical Garden - DSC03095.JPG
Kunming Institute of Botany
Xi'an BranchEdit
Lanzhou BranchEdit
Xinjiang BranchEdit

Directly under the higher education institutionsEdit

File:UCAS Yanqihu Campus (20160209163544).jpg
UCAS

Direct Management and Public Support UnitsEdit

File:Library of Chinese Academy of Sciences (20221019155243).jpg
Chinese Academy of Sciences Documentation and Intelligence Center

Direct News Publishing UnitsEdit

Other Directly Affiliated InstitutionsEdit

Enterprise units directly under the Chinese Academy of SciencesEdit

The enterprise units directly under the Chinese Academy of Sciences are wholly owned or controlled by Chinese Academy of Sciences State-owned Assets Management Co.

Co-buildersEdit

Groups and Other OrganizationsEdit

Scientific integrityEdit

On 26 February 2007, CAS published a Declaration of Scientific Ideology and set up a commission for scientific integrity to promote transparency, autonomy and accountability of scientific research in the country. Around that same time, the Ministry of Science and Technology also initiated measures to address misconduct in state-funded programs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

CAS also publishes the Early Warning List, which notes journals with a lack of rigor and possible predatory practices.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PublicationsEdit

Template:Infobox journal

Together with the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the academy publishes the peer-reviewed academic journal, Science China (also known as Science in China). Science China comprises seven series:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • A: Mathematics
  • B: Chemistry
  • C: Life Sciences
  • D: Earth Sciences
  • E: Technological Sciences
  • F: Information Sciences
  • G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy

CAS also promotes the China Open Access Journals (COAJ) platform,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a national variant of the international Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).

AwardsEdit

Since 1999, the CAS has issued the annual State Preeminent Science and Technology Award, presented by the President of China to the recipient.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ranking and reputationEdit

CAS has been ranked the No. 1 research institute in the world by Nature Index since the list's inception in 2014 by Nature Portfolio.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

It was the most productive institution publishing articles on sustainable development indexed in the Web of Science from 1981 to 2018 among all universities and research institutions in the world.<ref name=":7">Li, R.Y.M.; Li, Y.L.; Crabbe, M.J.C.; Manta, O.; Shoaib, M. The Impact of Sustainability Awareness and Moral Values on Environmental Laws. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115882 Template:Webarchive</ref>

The academy also runs the University of Science and Technology of China and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,<ref name=":8" /> both of which were among the world's top three universities in the Nature Index ranking as of 2024.<ref name=":2" />

In 2024, Clarivate's Highly Cited Researchers list contained 308 CSA members. This made CSA researchers the largest group on the list by institution, and the sixth largest by country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

International cooperationEdit

The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth is a branch of CAS. The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth was a customer of Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), which provides data transmission services from satellites for a wide range of societal functions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was reported by Reuters on 21 September 2020 that SSC decided not to renew the contracts with China to help operate Chinese satellites from SSC's ground stations, or seek new business with China.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

Template:Reflist

SourcesEdit

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

External linksEdit

Template:Chinese Academy of Sciences Template:Education of the People's Republic of China Template:S&T in China Template:State Council of the People's Republic of China Template:Universities and colleges in Beijing Template:Pasteur Institute Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences&oldid=238505"