Chipmunk

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Chipmunks are small, striped rodents of subtribe Tamiina. Chipmunks are found in North America, with the exception of the Siberian chipmunk which is found primarily in Asia.

Taxonomy and systematicsEdit

Chipmunks are classified as four genera: Tamias, of which the eastern chipmunk (T. striatus) is the only living member; Eutamias, of which the Siberian chipmunk (E. sibiricus) is the only living member; Nototamias, which consists of three extinct species, and Neotamias, which includes the 23 remaining, mostly western North American, species. These classifications were treated as subgenera due to the chipmunks' morphological similarities.<ref name=Patterson>Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result, most taxonomies over the twentieth century have placed the chipmunks into a single genus. Joseph C. Moore reclassified chipmunks to form a subtribe Tamiina in a 1959 study, and this classification has been supported by studies of mitochondrial DNA.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The common name originally may have been spelled "chitmunk", from the native Odawa (Ottawa) word jidmoonh, meaning "red squirrel" (cf. Ojibwe {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ajidamoo).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Nichols, John D. and Earl Nyholm (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</ref> The earliest form cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is "chipmonk", from 1842. Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck", and in the 1830s they were also referred to as "chip squirrels", probably in reference to the sound they make. In the mid-19th century, John James Audubon and his sons included a lithograph of the chipmunk in their Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, calling it the "chipping squirrel [or] hackee".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Chipmunks have also been referred to as "ground squirrels"<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref> (although the name "ground squirrel" may refer to other squirrels, such as those of the genus Spermophilus).<ref name=Krystufek2013>Template:Cite journal</ref>

DietEdit

File:Tamia striatus eating.jpg

An eastern chipmunk placing food in its cheek pouch

Chipmunks have an omnivorous diet primarily consisting of seeds, nuts and other fruits, and buds.<ref name=hazard/><ref name=WVDNR/> They also commonly eat grass, shoots, and many other forms of plant matter, as well as fungi, insects and other arthropods, small frogs, worms, and bird eggs. They will also occasionally eat newly hatched baby birds.<ref name=hazard/><ref name=WVDNR/><ref>Template:Unbulleted list citebundle</ref> Around humans, chipmunks can eat cultivated grains and vegetables, and other plants from farms and gardens, so they are sometimes considered pests.<ref name=hazard/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chipmunks mostly forage on the ground, but they climb trees to obtain nuts such as hazelnuts and acorns.<ref name=hazard/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the beginning of autumn, many species of chipmunk begin to stockpile nonperishable foods for winter. They mostly cache their foods in a larder in their burrows and remain in their nests until spring, unlike some other species which make multiple small caches of food.<ref name=hazard/> Cheek pouches allow chipmunks to carry food items to their burrows for either storage or consumption.<ref name=WVDNR>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ecology and life historyEdit

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Chipmunks in northern Wisconsin

File:Chipmunk-burrow (exits).jpg

Eastern chipmunk at the entrance of its burrow

Eastern chipmunks, the largest of the chipmunks,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> mate in early spring and again in early summer, producing litters of four or five young twice each year.<ref name=hazard>Template:Cite book</ref> Western chipmunks breed only once a year. The young emerge from the burrow after about six weeks and strike out on their own within the next two weeks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

These small mammals fulfill several important functions in forest ecosystems. Their activities harvesting and hoarding tree seeds play a crucial role in seedling establishment. They consume many different kinds of fungi, including those involved in symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with trees, and are a vector for dispersal of the spores of subterranean sporocarps (truffles) in some regions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Chipmunks construct extensive burrows which can be more than Template:Convert in length with several well-concealed entrances.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The sleeping quarters are kept clear of shells, and feces are stored in refuse tunnels.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The eastern chipmunk hibernates in the winter, while western chipmunks do not, relying on the stores in their burrows.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Chipmunks play an important role as prey for various predatory mammals and birds but are also opportunistic predators themselves, particularly with regard to bird eggs and nestlings, as in the case of eastern chipmunks and mountain bluebirds (Siala currucoides).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Chipmunks typically live about three years, although some have been observed living to nine years in captivity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Chipmunks are diurnal. In captivity, they are said to sleep for an average of about 15 hours a day. It is thought that mammals which can sleep in hiding, such as rodents and bats, tend to sleep longer than those that must remain on alert.<ref>Jennifer S. Holland "40 Winks?" (July 2011). National Geographic Vol. 220, No. 1.</ref>