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Prunus virginiana, commonly called bitter-berry,<ref name=grin>Template:GRIN</ref> chokecherry,<ref name=grin /> Virginia bird cherry,<ref name=grin /> and western chokecherry<ref name=grin /> (also black chokecherry for P. virginiana var. demissa),<ref name=grin /> is a species of bird cherry (Prunus subgenus Padus) native to North America.
DescriptionEdit
Chokecherry is a suckering shrub or small tree growing to Template:Convert tall, rarely to Template:Cvt and exceptionally wide, Template:Convert with a trunk as thick as Template:Convert.<ref name=":arno">Template:Cite book</ref> The leaves are oval, Template:Convert long and Template:Cvt wide, with a serrated margin.<ref name="FNA">Template:EFloras</ref> The stems rarely exceed Template:Cvt in length.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
The flowers are produced in racemes Template:Cvt long in late spring (well after leaf emergence), eventually growing up to 15 cm.<ref name=":arno" /> They are Template:Convert across.<ref>Template:Illinois Wildflowers</ref><ref>Template:Minnesota Wildflowers</ref>
The fruits (drupes) are about Template:Cvt in diameter, range in color from bright red to black, and possess a very astringent taste, being both somewhat sour and somewhat bitter. They get darker and marginally sweeter as they ripen.<ref name="FNA" /> They each contain a large stone.<ref name=":0" />
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ChemistryEdit
Chokecherries are very high in antioxidant pigment compounds, such as anthocyanins. They share this property with chokeberries, further contributing to confusion.<ref name="FNA" />
Similar speciesEdit
The chokecherry is closely related to the black cherry (Prunus serotina) of eastern North America, which can reach Template:Convert tall and has larger leaves and darker fruit. The chokecherry leaf has a finely serrated margin and is dark green above with a paler underside, while the black cherry leaf has numerous blunt edges along its margin and is dark green and smooth.<ref name="FNA" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
TaxonomyEdit
The name chokecherry is also used for the related Manchurian cherry or Amur chokecherry (Prunus maackii).
VarietiesEdit
- Prunus virginiana var. virginiana (eastern chokecherry)
- Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray) Torr. (western chokecherry)
- Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A.Nelson) Sarg.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="ThePlantList" />
Distribution and habitatEdit
The natural historic range of P. virginiana includes most of Canada (including Northwest Territories, but excluding Yukon, Nunavut, and Labrador), most of the United States (including Alaska, but excluding some states in the Southeast), and northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Baja California, Durango, Zacatecas, Coahuila, and Nuevo León).<ref>Template:BONAP</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FNA" />Template:Additional citation needed
It can be found in habitats ranging from streambanks to montane forests.<ref name="tktimb">Template:Cite book</ref>
EcologyEdit
The wild chokecherry is often considered a pest, as it is a host for the tent caterpillar, a threat to other fruit plants. It is also a larval host to the black-waved flannel moth, the blinded sphinx, the cecropia moth, the coral hairstreak, the cynthia moth, the elm sphinx, Glover's silkmoth, the hummingbird clearwing moth, the imperial moth, the Io moth, the polyphemus moth, the promethea moth, the red-spotted purple, the small-eyed sphinx, the spring azure, the striped hairstreak, the tiger swallowtail, the twin-spotted sphinx, and Weidemeyer's admiral.<ref>The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.</ref>
Many wildlife, including birds and game animals, eat the berries.<ref name=":0" /> Moose, elk, mountain sheep, deer and rabbits eat the foliage, twigs, leaves, and buds.<ref name=":0" /> Deer and elk sometimes browse the twigs profusely, not letting the plant grow above knee height.<ref name=":arno" /> The leaves serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera.
CultivationEdit
The chokecherry has a number of cultivars. 'Canada Red' and 'Schubert' have leaves that mature to purple and turn orange and red in the autumn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 'Goertz' has a nonastringent, so palatable, fruit. Research at the University of Saskatchewan seeks to find or create new cultivars to increase production and processing.
ToxicityEdit
The stone of the fruit is poisonous.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Chokecherry, including the foliage, is toxic<ref name=":0" /> to moose, cattle, goats, deer, and other animals with segmented stomachs (rumens), especially after the leaves have wilted (such as after a frost or after branches have been broken); wilting releases cyanide and makes the plant sweet. About Template:Convert of foliage can be fatal. In horses, symptoms include heavy breathing, agitation, and weakness.Template:Citation needed
UsesEdit
For many Native American tribes of the Northern Rockies, Northern Plains, and boreal forest region of Canada and the United States, chokecherries are the most important fruit in their traditional diets and are part of pemmican, a staple traditional food. The bark of chokecherry root is made into an asperous-textured concoction used to ward off or treat colds, fever and stomach maladies by Native Americans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The inner bark of the chokecherry, as well as red osier dogwood, or alder, is also used by some tribes in ceremonial smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The chokecherry fruit can be eaten when fully ripe, but otherwise contains a toxin.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The fruit can be used to make jam or syrup, but the bitter nature of the fruit requires sugar to sweeten the preserves.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Plains Indians pound up the whole fruits—including the pits—in a mortar, from which they made sun-baked cakes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Chokecherry is also used to make wine<ref name=":0" /> in the Western United States, mainly in the Dakotas and Utah, as well as in Manitoba, Canada.
In cultureEdit
In 2007, North Dakota governor John Hoeven signed a bill naming the chokecherry the state's official fruit, in part because its remains have been found at more archeological sites in the Dakotas than anywhere else.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>