Classifications of fairies
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Fairies, particularly those of Irish, English, Scottish and Welsh folklore, have been classified in a variety of ways. Classifications – which most often come from scholarly analysis, and may not always accurately reflect local traditions – typically focus on behavior or physical characteristics.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>
Early classifications of fairiesEdit
Germanic lore featured light and dark elves (Ljósálfar and Dökkálfar). This may be roughly equivalent to later concepts such as the Seelie and Unseelie.<ref>Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of literature, Merriam-Webster, 1995, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN. p.371</ref>
In the mid-thirteenth century, Thomas of Cantimpré classified fairies into neptuni of water, incubi who wandered the earth, dusii under the earth, and spiritualia nequitie in celestibus, who inhabit the air.<ref name=":3" />
In 1566, John Walsh of Devonshire – on trial for witchcraft – said that there were three kinds of "feries": white, green and black.<ref name=":3" />
Good and evilEdit
Seelie and Unseelie CourtsEdit
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In Scottish folklore, faeries are divided into the Seelie Court and the Unseelie Court. D. L. Ashliman notes that this may be the most famous division of fairies.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>
The Seelie Court is described to comprise fairies that seek help from humans, warn those who have accidentally offended them, and return human kindness with favors of their own. Still, a fairy belonging to this court would avenge insults and could be prone to mischief.<ref name=":0">Briggs, Katharine Mary (1976) 'An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures. New York, Pantheon Books. Template:ISBN</ref>
The Unseelie Court describes the darkly-inclined fairies. Unlike the Seelie Court, no offense was deemed necessary to bring down their assaults.<ref name=":0" /> In Scotland, they were seen as closely allied with witches.<ref>Silver, Carole G. (1999) Strange and Secret Peoples: Fairies and Victorian Consciousness. Oxford University Press. p.174 Template:ISBN</ref>
In other culturesEdit
In French fairy tales told by the précieuses, fairies are divided into good and evil, but the effect is literary. Many of the literary fairies seem preoccupied with the character of the humans they encounter.<ref name=":1">Briggs, K.M. (1967) The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.</ref>
Regarding Irish lore, Lady Wilde identified two groups of fairies: a gentle type fond of "music and dancing," and an evil group allied with the devil. Another collector, Lady Gregory, gave a similar summary that there was a tall, playful race of sidhe, and a small, malicious race.<ref name=":4" />
Trooping and solitaryEdit
William Butler Yeats, in Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry, divided fairies into the Trooping Fairies and the Solitary Fairies. Trooping fairies live in communities and are known for singing and dancing. They may or may not be friendly to humans. Solitary fairies, who live on their own, are more likely to be harmful. Leprechauns and banshees are solitary fairies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":4" /> Katharine Mary Briggs noted that a third distinction might be needed for "domesticated fairies" who live in small family groups.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Other characteristicsEdit
Cornish fairiesEdit
Template:Main articles Robert Hunt divided the fairies of Cornwall into five classes: the Small People; the Spriggans; the Piskies; the Buccas, Bockles, or Knockers; and the Brownies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This approach drew criticism from other scholars, such as Henry Jenner, who argued among other points that "bockle" and "brownie" were not native Cornish names.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Multiple folklorists after Hunt made their own categories for Cornish fairies, but none agreed on types or number.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Welsh fairiesEdit
Wirt Sikes formally divided Welsh fairies, or Tylwyth Teg, into five general types: the Ellyllon (elves), the Bwbachod (household spirits similar to brownies and hobgoblins), the Coblynau (spirits of the mines), the Gwragedd Annwn (lake maidens), and the Gwyllion (mountain spirits resembling hags).<ref name=":2">Sikes, Wirt (1880). British Goblins: Welsh Folklore, Fairy Mythology, Legends and Traditions. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.</ref>
Challenges of classificationEdit
Folklorists such as Simon Young and Ronald James have cautioned against over-categorization. Although folk belief had many names and types of supernatural beings, James pointed out that definitions were often fluid, and that trying to hold to strict definitions when working with folk informants often led to frustration and confusion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
However, categorization serves a practical purpose. Wirt Sikes acknowledged that while such classifications are largely arbitrary and it is impossible to fully categorize fairies,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "the student of folklore must classify his materials distinctly in some understandable fashion, or go daft."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>