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Claudia gens

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File:Bust of Tiberius - Портрет Тиберия A54, 1 (cropped).jpg
Tiberius Caesar Augustus, second Roman emperor

The gens Claudia ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), sometimes written Clodia, was one of the most prominent patrician houses at ancient Rome. The gens traced its origin to the earliest days of the Roman Republic. The first of the Claudii to obtain the consulship was Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis, in 495 BC, and from that time its members frequently held the highest offices of the state, both under the Republic and in imperial times.<ref name="DGRBM Claudia Gens">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 762 ("Claudia Gens").</ref>

Plebeian Claudii are found fairly early in Rome's history. Some may have been descended from members of the family who had passed over to the plebeians, while others were probably the descendants of freedmen of the gens.<ref name="DGRBM Claudia Gens"/> In the later Republic, one of its patrician members voluntarily converted to plebeian status and adopted the spelling "Clodius".

In his life of the emperor Tiberius, who was a scion of the Claudii, the historian Suetonius gives a summary of the gens, and says, "as time went on it was honoured with twenty-eight consulships, five dictatorships, seven censorships, six triumphs, and two ovations." Writing several decades after the fall of the so-called "Julio-Claudian dynasty", Suetonius took care to mention both the good and wicked deeds attributed to members of the family.<ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Tiberius", 1–3.</ref>

The patrician Claudii were noted for their pride and arrogance, and intense hatred of the commonalty. In his History of Rome, Niebuhr writes,

That house during the course of centuries produced several very eminent, few great men; hardly a single noble-minded one. In all ages it distinguished itself alike by a spirit of haughty defiance, by disdain for the laws, and iron hardness of heart.<ref>Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. I, p. 599.</ref>

During the Republic, no patrician Claudius adopted a member of another gens; the emperor Claudius was the first who broke this custom, by adopting Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, afterwards the emperor Nero.<ref name="DGRBM Claudia Gens"/><ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Claudius", 39.</ref><ref>Tacitus, Annales, xii.</ref>

OriginEdit

According to legend, the first of the Claudii was a Sabine, by the name of Attius Clausus, who came to Rome with his retainers in 504 BC, the sixth year of the Republic.Template:Efn-lr<ref name="Livy ii 16">Livy, ii. 16</ref> At this time, the fledgling Republic was engaged in regular warfare with the Sabines, and Clausus is said to have been the leader of a faction seeking to end the conflict. When his efforts failed, he defected to the Romans, bringing with him no fewer than five hundred men able to bear arms, according to Dionysius.<ref name="Dionysius v 40">Dionysius, v. 40.</ref>

Clausus, who exchanged his Sabine name for the Latin Appius Claudius, was enrolled among the patricians, and given a seat in the Senate, quickly becoming one of its most influential members.<ref name="Livy ii 16"/><ref name="Suetonius Tiberius 1">Suetonius, "The Life of Tiberius", 1.</ref>Template:Efn-lr His descendants were granted a burial site at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, and his followers allotted land on the far side of the Anio, where they formed the core of what became the "Old Claudian" tribe.<ref name="Livy ii 16"/><ref name="Suetonius Tiberius 1"/><ref name="Dionysius v 40"/>

The emperor Claudius is said to have referred to these traditions in a speech made before the senate, in which he argued in favor of admitting Gauls to that body. "My ancestors, the most ancient of whom was made at once a citizen and a noble of Rome, encourage me to govern by the same policy of transferring to this city all conspicuous merit, wherever found."<ref>Tacitus, Annales, xi. 24.</ref> By imperial times, the influence of the Claudii was so great that the poet Virgil flattered them by a deliberate anachronism. In his Aeneid, he makes Attius Clausus a contemporary of Aeneas, to whose side he rallies with a host of quirites, or spearmen.Template:Efn-lr<ref name="Aeneid vii">Aeneid, book vii, lines 706, 707.</ref>

The nomen Claudius, originally Clausus, is usually said to be derived from the Latin adjective claudus, meaning "lame". As a cognomen, Claudus is occasionally found in other gentes. However, since there is no tradition that any of the early Claudii were lame, the nomen might refer to some ancestor of Attius Clausus. It could also have been metaphorical, or ironic, and the possibility remains that this derivation is erroneous. The change from Clausus to Claudius, and its common by-form, Clodius, involves the alternation of "o" and "au", which seems to have been common in words of Sabine origin. The alternation of "s" and "d" occurs in words borrowed from Greek: Latin rosa from Greek rhodon; but in this instance clausus or *closus is a Sabine word becoming clod- in Latin. The name could have come from Greek settlers in Latium, but there is no evidence in favor of this hypothesis.<ref>Dictionnaire étymologique latin, p. 44.</ref><ref>Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine, p. 126.</ref>

PraenominaEdit

The early Claudii favored the praenomina Appius, Gaius, and Publius. These names were used by the patrician Claudii throughout their history. Tiberius was used by the family of the Claudii Nerones, while Marcus, although used occasionally by the earliest patrician Claudii, was favored by the plebeian branches of the family.<ref name="DGRBM Claudius">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, pp. 765–775 ("Claudius").</ref> According to Suetonius, the gens avoided the praenomen Lucius because two early members with this name had brought dishonor upon the family, one having been convicted of highway robbery, and the other of murder.<ref name="DGRBM Claudia Gens"/><ref name="Suetonius Tiberius 1"/> However, the name was used by at least one branch of the Claudii in the final century of the Republic, including one who, as Rex Sacrorum, was certainly patrician. To these names, the plebeian Claudii added Quintus and Sextus, though Elizabeth Rawson has argued that Quintus was acceptable among the Pulchri as well.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The praenomen Appius is often said to have been unique to the Claudii, and nothing more than a Latinization of the Sabine Attius. But in fact there are other figures in Roman history named "Appius", and in later times the name was used by plebeian families such as the Junii and the Annii. Thus, it seems more accurate to say that the Claudii were the only patrician family at Rome known to have used Appius. As for its Sabine equivalent, Attius has been the subject of much discussion by philologists. The form Attus is mentioned by Valerius Maximus, who connected it with the bucolic Greek name Atys. Braasch translated it as Väterchen, "little father," and connected it with a series of childhood parental names: "atta, tata, acca," and the like, becoming such names as Tatius (also Sabine) and Atilius.<ref>Braasch, pp. 7-8.</ref>

During the late Republic and early Empire, the Claudii Nerones, who gave rise to the Imperial family, adopted the praenomen Decimus, seldom used by any patrician family. Subsequently they began to exchange traditional praenomina for names that first entered the family as cognomina, such as Nero, Drusus, and Germanicus.

Branches and cognominaEdit

The patrician Claudii bore various surnames, including Caecus, Caudex, Centho, Crassus, Nero, Pulcher, Regillensis, and Sabinus. The latter two, though applicable to all of the gens, were seldom used when there was a more definite cognomen. A few of the patrician Claudii are mentioned without any surname. The surnames of the plebeian Claudii were Asellus, Canina, Centumalus, Cicero, Flamen, Glaber, and Marcellus.<ref name="DGRBM Claudia Gens"/>

The earliest Claudii bore the surname Sabinus, a common surname usually referring to a Sabine, or someone of Sabine descent, which according to all tradition, the Claudii were.Template:Efn-lr This cognomen was first adopted by Appius Claudius, the founder of the gens, and was retained by his descendants, until it was replaced by Crassus.<ref name="DGRBM Claudia Gens"/>

Regillensis or Inregillensis, a surname of the earliest Claudii, is said to be derived from the town of Regillum, a Sabine settlement, where Appius Claudius lived with his family and retainers before coming to Rome. Its exact location is unknown, but it must have been in the vicinity of Lake Regillus, where one of the most important battles in the early history of the Roman Republic was fought. The same cognomen was borne by a family of the Postumii, although in this instance the surname is supposed to have been derived from the Battle of Lake Regillus, in which the victorious Roman general was the dictator Aulus Postumius Albus.<ref name="Suetonius Tiberius 1"/><ref>Livy, xxx. 45.</ref><ref>Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. i, p. 556.</ref>

Crassus, sometimes given as the diminutive Crassinus, was a common surname usually translated as "thick, solid," or "dull".<ref>Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, "Crassus".</ref> This cognomen succeeded that of Sabinus as the surname of the main family of the Claudia gens. It was borne by members of the family from the fifth to the third century BC. The other main families of the patrician Claudii were descended from Appius Claudius Caecus, the last recorded member of the Claudii Crassi, who gave a different cognomen to each of his four sons: Russus (or Rufus), Pulcher, Cento or Centho, and Nero.<ref name="DGRBM Claudius"/>

Pulcher, the surname of the next major branch of the Claudia gens, means beautiful, although it may be that the cognomen was given ironically.<ref>Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, "Pulcher".</ref> The Claudii Pulchri were an extensive family, which supplied the Republic with several consuls, and survived into imperial times.<ref name="DGRBM Claudius"/>

File:Claudius Ny Carlsberg02.jpg
Claudius, fourth Roman emperor

The other main branch of the patrician Claudii bore the surname Nero, originally a Sabine praenomen described as meaning, fortis ac strenuus, which roughly translated is "strong and sturdy." It may be the same as the Umbrian praenomen Nerius. This family was distinguished throughout the latter Republic, and gave rise to several of the early emperors, including Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. An oddity of the names by which these emperors are known today is that several of their ancestors bore the name Tiberius Claudius Nero; of three emperors belonging to the same family, one is known by a praenomen, one by a nomen, and one by a cognomen.<ref name="Suetonius Tiberius 1"/> Some members of the imperial family adopted the fashion of wearing their hair short at the sides and front but long in the back, over the nape of the neck. Describing the appearance of Tiberius, Suetonius calls it a family trait. This style visible on some busts of Tiberius and Caligula, his grandnephew and successor.<ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Tiberius", 68.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The most illustrious family of the plebeian Claudii bore the surname Marcellus, which is a diminutive of the praenomen Marcus. They gained everlasting fame from the exploits of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, one of Rome's finest generals, and a towering figure of the Second Punic War, who was five times consul, and won the spolia opima, defeating and killing the Gallic king, Viridomarus, in single combat.<ref>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 927 ("Marcellus", no. 2).</ref>

Most of those who used the spelling Clodius were descended from plebeian members of the gens, but one family by this name was a cadet branch of the patrician Claudii Pulchri, which voluntarily went over to the plebeians, and used the spelling Clodius to differentiate themselves from their patrician relatives.<ref>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 771 ("Claudius", no. 40).</ref>

Caecus, the surname of one of the Claudii Crassi, refers to the condition of his blindness, which is well-attested, although it appears that he did not become blind until his old age. Caecus' initial cognomen was Crassus.<ref>Frontinus, De aquaeductu, i. 5, who only gives his original cognomen, "Crassus".</ref><ref>Humm, Appius Claudius Caecus, p. 35.</ref> According to one legend, he was struck blind by the gods during his censorship, after inducing the ancient family of the Potitii to teach the sacred rites of Hercules to the public slaves. The Potitii themselves were said to have perished as a result of this sacrilege. However, Claudius was relatively young at the time of his censorship in 312 BC, and was elected consul sixteen years later, in 296.<ref>Livy, ix. 29.</ref>

Caecus' brother, who shared the same praenomen, was distinguished by the cognomen Caudex, literally meaning a "treetrunk", although metaphorically it was an insult, meaning a "dolt." According to Seneca, he obtained the surname from his attention to naval affairs.<ref>Seneca the Younger, De Brevitate Vitae, 13.</ref>

MembersEdit

Template:Filiation See also Clodius for members of the gens who used the alternate spelling of the name primarily or solely.

Claudii Sabini et CrassiEdit

Claudii PulchriEdit

Claudii CenthonesEdit

Claudii NeronesEdit

Claudii MarcelliEdit

File:P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, denarius, 50 BC, RRC 439-1.jpg
Denarius of Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, 50 BC, honouring his ancestor Claudius Marcellus, portrayed on the obverse. The triskeles behind his head alludes to his capture of Syracuse in 212 BC. The reverse shows him putting his spolia opima into a temple. The legend COS QVINQ refers to his five consulships.<ref>Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 460.</ref>
  • Gaius Claudius (Marcellus), grandfather of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the consul of 331 BC.
  • Gaius Claudius C. f. (Marcellus), the father of Marcus Claudius Marcellus.
  • Marcus Claudius C. f. C. n. Marcellus, consul in 331 BC; he was appointed dictator in order to hold the elections in 327, but was prevented from doing so by the augurs, who apparently objected to a plebeian dictator.<ref>Livy, viii. 18, 24.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius (M. f. C. n) Marcellus, consul in 287 BC.<ref>Fasti Siculi.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. (M. n.) Marcellus, father of the consul of 222 BC.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Marcellus," 1.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 222, 215, 214, 210, and 208 BC, the great hero of the Second Punic War.
  • Marcus Claudius Marcellus, plebeian aedile in 216 BC.<ref>Livy, xxiii. 30.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, praetor in 198 BC, was assigned the province of Sicily. As consul in 196, he triumphed over the Boii and Ligures.<ref>Livy, xxxii. 27, xxxiii. 24, 36, 37.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 330, 335.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, praetor urbanus in 188 BC, and consul in 183.<ref>Livy, xxxviii. 42, xxxix. 23, 44, 45, 54-56; xliv. 18.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I. pp. 365, 378.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius Marcellus, praetor in 185 BC.<ref>Livy, xxxviii. 35, 42.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 372, 373 (note 1).</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius Marcellus, tribune of the plebs in 171 BC.<ref>Livy, xlii. 32.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 166, 155, and 152 BC; triumphed over the Alpine Gauls and the Ligures.
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, son of the consul of 166 BC.<ref>Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii, p. 393.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius Marcellus, praetor in 137 BC, was killed by lightning during his year of office.<ref>Obsequens, 83.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a lieutenant of Lucius Julius Caesar during the Social War; he held the fortress of Aesernia in Samnium for some time, but was ultimately compelled to surrender. He was a rival of the orator Lucius Licinius Crassus.
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, curule aedile in 91 BC.<ref>Cicero, De Oratore, i. 13.</ref>
  • Gaius Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, praetor in 80 BC, and afterwards governor of Sicily; the mildness and justice of his administration was contrasted with that of his predecessor, and subsequently that of Verres.<ref>Pseudo-Asconius, In Ciceronis in Verrem, p. 206.</ref><ref>Cicero, In Verrem, ii. 3, 21, iii. 16, 91, iv. 40, 42, ff., Divinatio in Caecilium, 4, De Divinatione, ii. 35, De Legibus, ii. 13, Epistulae ad Familiares, xv. 8, Pro Sulla, 6</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. Marcellus Aeserninus, a young man who appeared as a witness at the trial of Verres, in 70 BC.<ref>Cicero, In Verrem, iv. 42. Several editions give Marcellus' praenomen as Gaius.</ref>
  • Claudius M. f. Marcellus, the brother of Marcellus Aeserninus, he was adopted by one of the Cornelii Lentuli, and became Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus. He fought under Pompeius during the war against the pirates, in 67 BC, and was an orator of considerable merit. For his descendants, see Cornelia gens.
  • Marcus Claudius Marcellus, one of the conspirators with Catiline in 63 BC. On the discovery of the plot, he attempted to instigate an insurrection amongst the Paeligni, but was defeated by the praetor, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, and put to death.<ref>Cicero, In Catilinam, i. 8.</ref><ref name="Orosius, vi. 6">Orosius, vi. 6.</ref>
  • Gaius Claudius M. f. Marcellus, son of the conspirator, also took part in Catiline's conspiracy, and attempted to instigate a slave revolt at Capua, but was driven out by Publius Sestius, and took refuge in Bruttium, where he was put to death.<ref name="Orosius, vi. 6"/><ref>Cicero, Pro Sestio, 4.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius Marcellus, consul in 51 BC, and a respected orator; he joined Pompeius during the Civil War, but was subsequently pardoned by Caesar.
  • Gaius Claudius C. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 50 BC; he supported Pompeius, investing him with the command against Caesar during the Civil War; but he remained at Rome and obtained Caesar's pardon for himself and his cousin, Marcus.
  • Gaius Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 49 BC; he was a partisan of Pompeius, and probably died in the Civil War. He is frequently confused with his cousin, who was consul in the preceding year.
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. (M. n.) Marcellus Aeserninus, quaestor in Hispania in 48 BC, he was sent by Gaius Cassius Longinus to put down a revolt at Corduba, but joined the revolt and went over to Caesar, placing his legions under the command of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
  • Claudia Marcella Major, elder daughter of the consul of 49 BC
  • Claudia Marcella Minor, younger daughter of the consul of 49 BC
  • Marcus Claudius C. f. C. n. Marcellus, nephew of Augustus and stepson of Marcus Antonius; he married his cousin, Julia. He was curule aedile in 23 BC. but died that autumn.
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus Aeserninus, consul in 22 BC, possibly the same as the Marcellus who served under Lepidus during the Civil War.
  • Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus Aeserninus, the son of Aeserninus, consul in 22 BC, was trained as an orator by his grandfather, Gaius Asinius Pollio.<ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Octavian", 43.</ref><ref>Seneca the Elder, lib. iv. praef.</ref><ref>Tacitus, Annales, iii. 11.</ref>
  • Marcus Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus, praetor in 19 AD, he married a Calvisia Flaccilla.<ref>Setälä, p. 71</ref>

Claudii CaninaeEdit

  • Gaius Claudius Canina, grandfather of Gaius Claudius Canina, the consul of 285 BC.
  • Marcus Claudius C. f. Canina, the father of Gaius Claudius Canina.
  • Gaius Claudius M. f. C. n. Canina, consul in 285 and 273 BC.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Fasti Siculi, 354.</ref>

Claudii AselliEdit

  • Tiberius Claudius Asellus, a military tribune under Gaius Claudius Nero, the consul in 207 BC, during the Second Punic War; the following year he was praetor, and obtained Sardinia as his province. He was tribune of the plebs in 204.<ref>Livy, xxvii. 41; xxviii. 10; xxix. 11.</ref><ref>Appian, Bellum Hannibalicum, 37.</ref>
  • Tiberius Claudius Asellus, an eques who was deprived of his horse and reduced to the condition of an aerarian by the censor Scipio Aemilianus in 142 BC; he was subsequently restored by Scipio's colleague, Lucius Mummius, and as tribune of the plebs in 140 he accused Scipio.<ref>Cicero, De Oratore, ii. 64, 66.</ref><ref>Gellius, ii. 20, iii. 4.</ref><ref>Valerius Maximus, vi. 3. § 8.</ref>

Claudii PompeianiEdit

  • Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, consul in AD 173, and probably consul suffectus in 176; he married Lucilla, the daughter of Marcus Aurelius.<ref>Cassius Dio, lxxi. 3, 20, lxxiii. 3.</ref><ref>Herodian, i. 8. § 6.</ref><ref>Julius Capitolinus, "The Life of Marcus Aurelius", 20.</ref><ref>Vulcatius Gallicanus, "The Life of Avidius Cassius", 11.</ref><ref>Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus".</ref><ref name="Mennen">Mennen, pp. 95–97.</ref>
  • Claudius Quintianus Pompeianus, a young senator, and the son-in-law of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus and Lucilla; persuaded by Lucilla to attempt to kill her brother, the emperor Commodus, he failed and was put to death.<ref>Cassius Dio, lxxii. 4.</ref><ref>Herodian, i. 8.</ref><ref>Aelius Lampridius, The Life of Commodus, 4.</ref><ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, xxix. 4.</ref>
  • Lucius Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus, consul in AD 209, perhaps the son of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus.<ref name="Mennen"/>
  • Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus, consul suffectus in AD 212, perhaps the son of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus.<ref name="Mennen"/>
  • Claudius Pompeianus, consul in AD 231.<ref name="Mennen"/>
  • Lucius Tiberius Claudius Aurelius Quintianus (Pompeianus), triumvir monetalis circa AD 222, and a candidate for quaestor in 228; he was praetor in 233, and consul in 235.
  • Clodius Pompeianus, consul in AD 241, with the emperor Gordianus III. In 244, he was curator aedium sacrarum.<ref name="Mennen"/>

OthersEdit

  • Gaius Claudius Cicero, in some manuscripts of Livy, tribune of the plebs in 454 BC; he prosecuted Titus Romilius, the consul of the preceding year, for selling the spoils of the war with the Aequi without the permission of the soldiers. In other manuscripts his nomen is Calvius.<ref>Livy, iii. 31.</ref>
  • Gaius Claudius Hortator, appointed magister equitum by the dictator Gaius Claudius Crassus in 337 BC.<ref name="Livy, viii. 15"/>
  • Marcus Claudius C. f. Glicia, the son of a freedman, was nominated dictator by Publius Claudius Pulcher, following the Battle of Drepana in 249 BC. Glicia's appointment was immediately superseded, but nonetheless recorded in the Fasti consulares. In 236 he was legate to the consul Gaius Licinius Varus,Template:Efn-lr but punished for entering into an unauthorized treaty with the Corsi.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Tiberius," 2.</ref><ref>Livy, Epitome, xix.</ref><ref>Cassius Dio, fragment 45.</ref><ref>Zonaras, viii. p. 400. B.</ref><ref>Valerius Maximus, vi. 3. § 3.</ref>
  • Quintus Claudius, tribune of the plebs in 218 BC; probably the same person as Quintus Claudius Flamen, praetor in 208.<ref>Livy, xxi. 63.</ref>
  • Quintus Claudius Flamen, praetor in 208 BC, and subsequently propraetor in the territory of the Sallentini and Tarentum, during the Second Punic War.
  • Lucius Claudius, praetor in 174 BC, assigned the province of Sicily.<ref>Livy, xli. 21.</ref>
  • Quintus Claudius Ap. f., a senator in 129 BC.<ref>Sherk, "Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno", p. 368.</ref>
  • Tiberius Claudius Centumalus, sued for fraud involving the sale of property to Publius Calpurnius Lanarius; judgment against Claudius was given by Marcus Porcius Cato, the father of Cato Uticensis.<ref>Cicero, De Officiis, iii. 66.</ref><ref>Valerius Maximus, viii. 2. § 1.</ref>
  • Gaius Claudius C. f. Glaber,Template:Efn-lr praetor in 73 BC, was defeated by Spartacus. He might have been related to the Claudii Marcelli, as he belonged to the tribus Arniensis, like Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the aedile of 91.<ref>SIG, 747.</ref><ref>Plutarch, Crassus, 9.</ref><ref>Frontinus, Strategemata, i. 5, 21.</ref><ref>Appian, Bellum Civile, i. 116.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 109, 115 (note 1).</ref>
  • Lucius Claudius L. f., a senator in 73 BC, perhaps the father and predecessor of Lucius Claudius, the Rex Sacrorum.<ref>SIG, 747.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, p. 115.</ref>
  • Lucius Claudius (L. f. L. n.), Rex Sacrorum before 60 BC.Template:Efn-lr<ref>Cicero, De Haruspicum Responsis, 12.</ref><ref>Cicero, De Domo Sua, 127.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, p. 187.</ref><ref>Taylor, Voting Districts of the Roman Republic, p. 203.</ref><ref>Brennan, Praetorship in the Roman Republic, p. 899 (note 91).</ref>
  • Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius, a historian of the early first century BC, he wrote a history of Rome from the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 BC to the death of Sulla.
  • Sextus Clodius, a Sicilian rhetorician, under whom Marcus Antonius studied oratory, and who in turn received a large estate in the Leontine territory.<ref>Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, iv. 15, Philippicae, ii. 4, 17, iii. 9.</ref><ref>Cassius Dio, xlv. 30, xlvi. 8.</ref><ref>Suetonius, De Claris Rhetoribus, 5.</ref>
  • Lucius Clodius, praefectus fabrum to Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 54 BC; he was tribune of the plebs in 43.<ref>Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, iii. 4-6, 8.</ref><ref>Pseudo-Cicero, Epistulae ad Brutum, i. 1.</ref>
  • Gaius Claudius, probably the descendant of a freedman of the Claudian house, was one of the suite of Publius Clodius Pulcher on his last journey to Aricia.<ref>Cicero, Pro Milone, 17.</ref><ref>Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Milone, p. 33, ed. Orelli.</ref>
  • Publius Clodius M. f., probably the Clodius sent into Macedonia by Caesar in 48 BC, and the same as Clodius Bithynicus, who fought on the side of Antonius in the Perusine War, and was put to death by order of Octavian in 40.<ref>Caesar, De Bello Civili, iii. 57.</ref><ref>Appian, Bellum Civile, v. 49.</ref><ref>Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, vol. v, p. 172.</ref><ref>Jean Foy-Vaillant, "Antonius", Nos. 14, 15, "Claudius", Nos. 43–46.</ref>
  • Appius Claudius C. f., mentioned by Cicero in a letter to Brutus; he attached himself to the party of Marcus Antonius, who had restored his father. It is uncertain whether he can be identified with either of two persons of this name who were proscribed by the triumvirs.<ref>Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, xi. 22.</ref><ref>Appian, Bellum Civile, iv. 44, 55.</ref>
  • Sextus Clodius, the accomplice of Publius Clodius Pulcher, after whose death he was exiled; he was restored by Marcus Antonius in 44 BC.
  • Gaius Claudius, a follower of Marcus Junius Brutus, who ordered him to put Gaius Antonius to death; afterwards he was sent to Rhodes in command of a squadron, and after his patron's death, he joined Cassius Parmensis.<ref>Cassius Dio, xlvii. 24.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Antonius," 22, "The Life of Brutus," 28.</ref><ref>Appian, Bellum Civile, v. 2.</ref>
  • Gaius Clodius Licinus, consul suffectus in AD 4.
  • Tiberius Claudius Thrasyllus, Greek Egyptian astrologer and friend of Tiberius, better known as Thrasyllus of Mendes. Granted Roman citizenship and adopted his patron's name.
  • Tiberius Claudius Balbilus, son of Thrasyllus, astrologer to Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian.
  • Claudia Capitolina, daughter of Balbilus, married Greek prince Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes.
  • Tiberius Claudius Narcissus, freedman and advisor to Claudius, executed by Agrippina the Younger.
  • Claudius Felix, a name assigned by some writers to Marcus Antonius Felix, a freedman of the emperor Claudius, who was later procurator of Judaea.
  • Claudius Lysias, a supposed tribune and commander of the Jerusalem garrison around AD 53.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Partial male-line family treeEdit

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See alsoEdit

FootnotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

Ancient sourcesEdit

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Modern sourcesEdit

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  • Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
  • Jean Foy-Vaillant, Numismata Imperatorum Romanorum Praestantiora a Julio Caesare ad Postumus (Outstanding Imperial Coins from Caesar to Postumus), Giovanni Battista Bernabò & Giuseppe Lazzarini, Rome (1674, 1743).
  • Barthold Georg Niebuhr, The History of Rome, Julius Charles Hare and Connop Thirlwall, trans., John Smith, Cambridge (1828).
  • Wilhelm Drumann, Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen, Königsberg (1834–1844).
  • "Claudia Gens" and "Claudius", in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
  • Wilhelm Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum (Collection of Greek Inscriptions, abbreviated SIG), Leipzig (1883).
  • Michel Bréal and Anatole Bailly, Dictionnaire étymologique latin, Librairie Hachette, Paris (1885).
  • Karl Braasch, "Lateinische Personennamen, nach ihrer Bedeutung zusammen gestellt", in Jahresbericht des Königlich Stifts-Gymnasiums in Zeitz, C. Brendel, Zeitz (1892).
  • Antoine Meillet, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine, histoire des mots, Klinsieck, Paris (1959).
  • Lily Ross Taylor, The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (1960).
  • D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1963).
  • Robert K. Sherk, "The Text of the Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno", in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, vol. 7, pp. 361–369 (1966).
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  • J.E.H. Spaul, "Governors of Tingitana", in Antiquités Africaines, vol. 30 (1994).
  • Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).
  • T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic, Oxford University Press (2000).
  • James L. Franklin, Jr., Pompeis Difficile Est: Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii, University of Michigan Press (2001).
  • Michel Humm, Appius Claudius Caecus, La République accomplie, Rome, Publications de l'École française de Rome (2005).
  • Gary D. Farney, Ethnic Identity and Aristocratic Competition in Republican Rome, Cambridge University Press (2007).
  • Inge Mennen, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden (2011).
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