Clint Bolick

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Early life and educationEdit

Bolick was born on December 26, 1957 in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Bolick grew up in nearby Hillside, New Jersey and graduated from Hillside High School in 1975.<ref>Bolick, Clint. "Remedial Education (Clint Bolick)", Center for Education Reform. Accessed July 5, 2017. "I grew up in Hillside, a suburb of Newark, in a single-parent, working-class family. In 1975, Hillside High School graduated me with enough skills to secure a scholarship at an excellent college and go on to a successful career in law and public policy."</ref> He graduated from Drew University in 1979 and received his Juris Doctor from the University of California Davis School of Law in 1982. As a law student, he supported laws and legal rulings that knocked down racial discrimination (calling Brown v. Board of Education a "triumph of the principle of equality"<ref name=GangOfFive91>Template:Cite book</ref>), and was a vocal opponent of Affirmative Action-based admission policies.<ref name=GangOfFive96>Easton, p. 96</ref>

In 1980, he ran as a Libertarian for a seat in the California State Assembly. He lost to an incumbent Democrat but garnered 7.1% of the vote. (In that election, the Libertarian presidential ticket earned about 1% of the vote nationwide.)<ref name=GangOfFive105>Easton, pp. 105–106</ref>

CareerEdit

Mountain States Legal FoundationEdit

In 1982, he joined a public interest law firm, the Mountain States Legal Foundation in Denver, Colorado. He was hired by the foundation's acting president, William H. "Chip" Mellor.<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1984,<ref name=GangOfFive198>Easton, pp. 193, 198</ref> Mellor left the organization over a conflict with one of the foundation's sponsors.<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05 /> Bolick also left, believing that the foundation was more interested in protecting business interests than in promoting economic freedom.<ref name=GangOfFive198 /> In 2005, he said:

Chip and I discovered that there is a world of difference between an organization that is pro-business and an organization that is pro-free enterprise.<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05 />

After their break with Mountain States, they began planning a free-enterprise public interest law firm that would follow a philosophy of "economic liberty."<ref name=GangOfFive198 /> These plans would lead to the founding of the Institute for Justice in 1991.<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05 /><ref name=GangOfFive198 />

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Justice DepartmentEdit

Bolick joined the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1985. While he only stayed at the EEOC for a year, he became friends with its chairman, future Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. (Thomas is the godfather to Bolick's second son.<ref name=GangOfFive196>Easton, p. 196</ref>) Thomas helped convince him that removing economic barriers for the poor was more important than fighting race-based "reverse discrimination."<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1991, he would support adding punitive damages to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He explained "It seemed to me that if you didn't want quotas, you had to have tough remedies and punitive damages against recalcitrant discriminators ... That very much came out of Thomas."<ref name=GangOfFive197>Easton, p. 197</ref> Thomas also shaped his preferred remedy for inequality: removing laws and regulations he viewed as preventing the poor from starting small businesses. Thomas did this in part by telling Bolick about his grandfather, who began with a hand-built pushcart and built a profitable delivery service that comfortably supported his family, only to encounter threats from regulations designed to destroy Black-owned businesses.<ref name=GangOfFive196 />

Bolick left the EEOC to join the Justice Department in 1986. In 1988, he wrote his first book, Changing Course. In this book, he defined civil rights in part from the perspective of removing economic and regulatory barriers for the poor and disadvantaged.<ref name=GangOfFive198 />

Landmark Center for Civil RightsEdit

In 1989, he left the Justice Department and, with a grant from the Landmark Legal Foundation, started a public advocacy law practice in Washington, D.C. In its first case, the Landmark Center for Civil Rights represented Washington shoeshine stand owner Ego Brown in his attempt to overturn a Jim Crow-era law against bootblack stands on public streets. The law was designed to restrict economic opportunities for African-Americans, but was still being enforced 85 years after its passage. He sued the District of Columbia on Brown's behalf, and the law was overturned in 1989.<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

While working for the Landmark Legal Foundation, he defended the first Wisconsin school voucher program in court.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

He supported Thomas during his confirmation hearings for the Supreme Court. On July 31, 1991, about 45 people from Thomas' hometown of Pin Point, Georgia visited Washington to show support for the nominee. At the time, Bolick told The Washington Post that the Landmark Center for Civil Rights raised $3,000 to pay for bus rental and contributed another $1,100 for hotel charges.<ref name=WaPoPinPoint>Template:Cite news</ref>

Institute for JusticeEdit

In 1991, Bolick and Chip Mellor (his former boss from the Mountain States Legal Foundation) co-founded the Institute for Justice with funding from billionaire Charles Koch.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1991 until 2004. The organization litigates on behalf of small businesses faced with regulations that it views as unjustified or anti-competitive. It also promotes school choice, property rights, and free speech.<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution /><ref name=Rea3-08>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=WSJ1-7 >Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required</ref> Bolick and the institute were active in defending a Cleveland, Ohio school voucher program, which was declared constitutional in a 2002 Supreme Court case, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris<ref name=SC-zel >Template:Cite court</ref> The court ruled in favor of a Cincinnati, Ohio school voucher program, allowing the use of public money to pay tuition at private and parochial schools.<ref name=Zel-IJ-to-represent>Template:Cite news</ref> He led the case Swedenburg v. Kelly while at the institute. This case was consolidated with Granholm v. Heald and considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005. Bolick argued the case before the court, along with attorney Kathleen Sullivan.<ref name=LegalTimesWine>Template:Cite news</ref> The court struck down regulatory barriers to direct interstate shipment of wine to consumers.<ref>Granholm v. Heald, 544 U.S. 460 (2005), Oyez</ref>

In April 1993, he wrote an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal opposing two appointments by the Clinton administration (Lani Guinier to assistant attorney general for civil rights and Norma V. Cantu to assistant secretary for civil rights in the Department of Education). The Journal ran the piece under the headline "Clinton's Quota Queens."<ref name=GangOfFive262>Easton, p. 262</ref><ref name=WSJQuotaQueens>Template:Cite news</ref> After the piece was published, he distributed information about Guinier's writings and interpreted them for reporters. He also appeared on Nightline and Crossfire to oppose her appointment. The article and Bolick's subsequent efforts were credited with helping end Guinier's appointment.<ref name="GangOfFive263b">Easton, p. 263</ref> On June 3, 1993, President Bill Clinton withdrew her nomination. Clinton stated that he had not read Guinier's writings at the time of her nomination, and called some of them "anti-democratic".<ref name=ChicagoTribGuinier>Template:Cite news</ref> Clinton went on to describe the effort to stop Guinier's appointment as "a campaign of right-wing distortion and vilification", and according to press reports referred to Bolick's editorial with "particular scorn".<ref name=NYTClintonWithdrawsGuinier>Template:Cite news</ref> Other critics accused Bolick and conservatives who opposed Guinier of racism and sexism, often citing the phrase "quota queen" as evidence.<ref name=GangOfFive263b>Easton, p. 263</ref><ref name=CSMQuotaQueen>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=PhInquirerRacistButCatchy>Template:Cite news</ref>

Alliance for School ChoiceEdit

In 2004, Bolick joined the Alliance for School Choice, a national non-profit educational policy group advocating school choice programs across the United States. He was this organization's first president and general counsel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Goldwater InstituteEdit

File:Clint Bolick.jpg

Bolick speaking at the 2014 Goldwater Dinner in Scottsdale, Arizona

In 2007, he became the Vice President for Litigation at the Goldwater Institute when that organization added a litigation group.<ref name=NYTGoldwater>Template:Cite news</ref>

Bolick helped to draft model legislation known as the 'Health Care Freedom Act' that would prohibit health insurers from accepting federal subsidies under the Affordable Care Act that trigger the employer mandate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Arizona and Oklahoma voters approved a version of the Health Care Freedom Act in their respective November 2010 general elections.<ref name=ADI>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>} Also in November 2010, voters in Arizona, South Carolina, South Dakota and Utah adopted a measure he drafted called Save Our Secret Ballot, which guarantees workers the right to a secret-ballot vote in union-organizing elections.<ref name=ADI/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2012, he was an attorney for a Mesa tattoo parlor that had been denied a business license by the city. The case resulted in the Arizona Supreme Court declaring tattoos Constitutionally protected free speech. Bolick marked his victory by getting a small tattoo of a scorpion on his index finger.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On July 30, 2015, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump called for the deportation of all of the estimated 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States. Bolick called Trump's idea "impractical and opposed by a large majority of Americans."<ref name=colvincaldwell>Template:Cite news</ref>

Appointment to Arizona Supreme CourtEdit

On January 6, 2016, Governor Doug Ducey appointed Bolick to the Arizona Supreme Court.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He won retention for a 6-year term in 2018 and again in 2024.<ref>https://reason.com/2018/11/07/clint-bolick-arizonas-libertarian-suprem/</ref>

WorksEdit

Nonfiction booksEdit

Changing Course: Civil Rights at the Crossroads (1988) Template:ISBN
Unfinished Business: A Civil Rights Strategy for America's Third Century (1990) Template:ISBN
Grassroots Tyranny: The Limits of Federalism (1993) Template:ISBN
The Affirmative Action Fraud: Can We Restore the American Civil Rights Vision? (1996) Template:ISBN
Transformation: The Promise and Politics of Empowerment (1998) Template:ISBN
Voucher Wars: Waging the Legal Battle Over School Choice (2003) Template:ISBN
Leviathan: The Growth of Local Government and the Erosion of Liberty (2004) Template:ISBN
David's Hammer: The Case for an Activist Judiciary (2007) Template:ISBN
Death Grip: Loosening the Law's Stranglehold over Economic Liberty (2011) Template:ISBN
Two-Fer: Electing a President and a Supreme Court (2012) Template:ISBN
Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution (Jeb Bush) (2013) Template:ISBN

Fiction booksEdit

Nicki's Girl (2007) Template:ISBN

OtherEdit

Bolick has authored and co-authored numerous other paperbacks, ebooks and audiobooks.

AwardsEdit

In 2006, he won one of the four Bradley Prizes. The Bradley Prize included a one-time $250,000 stipend.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He is currently a Research Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.<ref name=HooverBio>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> American Lawyer magazine named him one of three Lawyers of the Year in 2003. In 2009, Legal Times included him in their list of the "90 greatest Washington lawyers of the past 30 years".<ref name=HooverBio />

Personal lifeEdit

Bolick is married to Arizona State Representative Shawnna Bolick.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Fischer>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They have two children.<ref name=":1" >Template:Cite news</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Appearances at the U.S. Supreme Court from the Oyez Project
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