Cloudbase
Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Infobox fictional vehicle Spectrum Cloudbase, often shortened to Cloudbase,<ref name="Bentley"/> is the fictional airborne headquarters of the international security organisation Spectrum in Gerry Anderson's science fiction television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967–1968).<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> In the 2005 animated remake, Cloudbase is re-imagined as Skybase.
In both series, the base's design is that of an airborne aircraft carrier, stationed in either Earth's high troposphere (in the original series) or low stratosphere (in the remake).
Origin and designEdit
While developing the series in 1966, Gerry Anderson recalled that during the Battle of Britain, the RAF had found it difficult to counter the Luftwaffe due to the delays caused by having to launch fighters from the ground:<ref name="Teletronic1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "[I]t took [the Spitfire squadron] about 20 minutes to climb high enough to intercept the bombers that were already at 16,000 feet."<ref name="ArcherHearn">Template:Cite book</ref> For this reason, Anderson decided to make the fictional Spectrum's headquarters a floating aircraft carrier:<ref name="Teletronic1"/> "This could launch aircraft that would then climb to 100,000 feet and intercept extraterrestrial invaders within minutes."<ref name="ArcherHearn"/>
Anderson also noted that Captain Scarlet was made during the Cold War, "when world leaders held conferences on aircraft carriers, and bomber pilots were constantly in the air waiting for attack orders. So I was thinking along the lines of a wartime setting, and had the idea for Cloudbase, a giant flying aircraft carrier, and the Angels, fighter pilots ready for take-off at any time.<ref name="Jenkins">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The script for the first episode stated that the base is kept airborne by "powerful jet engines that are pointing downwards and are obviously powered by atomic energy".<ref>Bentley 2017, pp. 79–81.</ref>
The Cloudbase filming model was designed by special effects director Derek Meddings and measured over Template:Convert in length. According to Meddings, it was the easiest Captain Scarlet vehicle to build. The base's wide-angle establishing shot, repeatedly re-used as stock footage, was filmed against a sky backdrop consisting of a background painting, cotton wool clouds and dry ice effects.<ref>Meddings & Denham, pp. 88–89.</ref> Too heavy to be hung on wires, the model was held in place on the end of a horizontal metal pole.<ref>Meddings & Denham, p. 90.</ref> Larger-scale sections of the flight deck were built for scenes showing aircraft taking off and landing.
The puppet-size control room set incorporated green Perspex arches and a Template:Convert electrically-driven moving walkway from which Lieutenant Green is shown to operate the base's main computer.<ref>Bentley 2017, pp. 44–45.</ref> Anderson said that the decision to have Colonel White sit at a round desk, so that during briefings all the attendees are equidistant from him, was influenced by contemporary speculation about the seating arrangements for cabinet meetings, which were typically held at long conference tables and reportedly led to arguments over which members should be seated closest to the head of government.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
DepictionEdit
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An airborne aircraft carrier, incorporating a flight deck and powered by jet engines, Cloudbase hovers at a fixed altitude of Template:Convert. Though usually geostationary, it is equipped with horizontal jet thrusters that enable it to be moved to any point above the Earth's surface. It was constructed in Earth orbit and has a crew of approximately 600.<ref name="Drake & Bassett, 31">Drake & Bassett, p. 31.</ref> The base is pressurised; pilots entering or exiting aircraft on the flight deck do so via airtight shafts and docking ports.
Cloudbase's main defence is its squadron of three Angel Interceptor fighter aircraft, flown by five female pilots.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> One fighter is crewed around the clock, with the others on continuous standby. Auxiliary aircraft include Spectrum Passenger Jets and Magnacopters, which are launched from a different area of the flight deck.<ref>Drake & Bassett, pp. 35–39.</ref>
Areas aboard Cloudbase include:
- the Control Room, which contains Colonel White's revolving round desk, a viewing screen (which displays the spectral colours when inactive) and Lieutenant Green's mainframe computer, which manages the base's systems
- the Amber Room, the standby lounge for the Angel pilots
- a sick bay, staffed by chief medical officer Dr Fawn
- the Spectrum Information Centre, a data bank powered by "seventh-generation" supercomputers<ref name="Drake & Bassett, 36"/>
- an observation room, containing atmospheric and space-monitoring equipment<ref name="Drake & Bassett, 36">Drake & Bassett, p. 36.</ref>
- the Room of Sleep, a dormitory with hypnotic aids and gimbal-mounted beds to minimise the amount of time needed for personnel to rest<ref name="Drake & Bassett, 35">Drake & Bassett, p. 35.</ref>
- a conference room, generator room, radar room and crew lounge
ReceptionEdit
Commentator Ian Fryer praises the interior sets designed by Keith Wilson, noting their use of coloured Perspex and describing them as "both stylish and highly detailed".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Cloudbase has also been viewed as part of a supposed religious allegory in the series.<ref name="Jenkins"/><ref name="Taylor and Trim">Template:Cite book</ref> Commentators have suggested that the base can be interpreted as Heaven, with Colonel White serving as a God analogue and the resurrected Captain Scarlet representing the Son of God; the Devil is symbolised by either Captain Black or the Mysterons.<ref name="Jenkins"/><ref name="Taylor and Trim"/><ref name="La Rivière">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Grant">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Turner">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both Robin Turner of Wales Online and Chris Jenkins of Total DVD magazine compare White to God seated in his "heavenly Cloudbase" (defended by a fighter squadron that happens to be codenamed "the Angels").<ref name="Jenkins"/><ref name="Turner"/> Anderson denied that any of this symbolism was intentional.<ref name="Jenkins"/>
Sources have discussed the base's feasibility as a hovering aircraft carrier. Using the material specifications of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, an article published by the University of Leicester calculated that if Cloudbase were a uniformly dense cuboid, it would weigh more than 30 billion newtons (Template:Convert) when hovering, needing thruster power equivalent to more than half a million Eurofighter Typhoons and energy equivalent to the output of more than 600,000 nuclear power stations in order to maintain its altitude. The article concluded that the phenomenal weight, noise and heat created by such power requirements made Cloudbase a real-world impossibility.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
According to Jim Smith, an aviation consultant, Cloudbase would not be practical as a carrier if it were stationary, because the Angel Interceptors make "controlled crash" landings on ramps at speeds that would not be survivable unless the base were also moving. He wrote: "Operating from a static Cloudbase simply makes no sense, because you won’t be able to land back on board. A conventional carrier landing from an approach speed of [more than] Template:Convert is not going to work. The alternative of pitching up to 30 degrees to land on a ramp at 100 knots will not work either. If Cloudbase were moving at 100 knots or so during the landing sequence, then a conventional carrier landing using arrestor wires would be possible, and would be a more flexible and less dangerous solution than the inclined ramp."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
The Valiant, an airborne aircraft carrier featured in the Doctor Who universe, has been compared to Cloudbase.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The similarity is directly recognised in series 8, when the Twelfth Doctor refers to the Valiant as "Cloudbase". Comparisons have also been drawn with the Marvel Universe's Helicarrier, the mobile airstrip in the 2004 film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, and the eponymous floating academy of the 2005 film Sky High.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite newspaper</ref> According to James Chapman, Cloudbase's design evokes the style of Eagle comic's Dan Dare strips.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 1993, toy company Vivid Imaginations released a Cloudbase playset.<ref>Bentley 2017, pp. 196–197.</ref> In 2001, The Independent listed it as one of the 50 best Christmas toys.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Toy Retailers Association also ranked it among the top 50 toys of the year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A secret project in the expansion pack for the 1999 video game Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is titled "Cloudbase Academy".
SkybaseEdit
In the animated remake New Captain Scarlet (2005), Cloudbase is re-imagined as Skybase. Stationed at Template:Convert, the base includes robotic deckhands on its flight deck to assist with the take-off and landing of aircraft, as well as new recreational facilities such as squash courts. It is protected by a fleet of Falcon Interceptors, the updated Angel aircraft.
In a 2004 interview, Anderson said that the changes from the original were for commercial reasons, "so that merchandising opportunities aren't confused and all the revenue goes to another company." He likened the role of the deckhands to "a Formula One pit stop".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The CGI model was created using LightWave 3D software under the supervision of Ron Thornton, co-founder of Foundation Imaging.<ref name="Teletronic2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Comprising three million polygons (described by Thornton as "way over the top"), it was three times the size of the Enterprise NX-01 model that Foundation had created for Star Trek: Enterprise, and was too large to be rendered in a single step.<ref name="Teletronic2"/>