Clupeiformes

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Clupeiformes Template:IPAc-en is the order of ray-finned fish that includes the herring family, Clupeidae, and the anchovy family, Engraulidae and sardines. The group includes many of the most important forage and food fish.

Clupeiformes are physostomes, which means that their gas bladder has a pneumatic duct connecting it to the gut. They typically lack a lateral line, but still have the eyes, fins and scales that are common to most fish, though not all fish have these attributes. They are generally silvery fish with streamlined, spindle-shaped bodies, and they often school. Most species eat plankton which they filter from the water with their gill rakers.<ref name=EoF>Template:Cite book</ref>

Template:Anchor The former order of Isospondyli was subsumed mostly by Clupeiformes,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but some isospondylous fishes (isospondyls) were assigned to Osteoglossiformes, Salmoniformes, Cetomimiformes, etc.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Their sister group were the extinct Ellimmichthyiformes, which were dominant throughout much of the Cretaceous and into the Paleogene,<ref name=":02">Template:Cite book</ref> and often coexisted with clupeiforms at many known localities. Both groups closely resembled each other morphologically, although the ellimmichthyiformes evolved some highly divergent body plans later in the Cretaceous.

Several fossil clupeiforms are known from the Early Cretaceous of South America that appear to be more closely allied with Clupeioidei over the Denticipitidae. This suggests a very deep divergence within the crown group Clupeiformes that must have occurred during the Early Cretaceous or before.<ref name="De Figueiredo">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

FamiliesEdit

Template:Cladogram The order includes about 405 species in ten families:<ref name=FB>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Catalog of Fishes</ref>

Order Clupeiformes
- Genus †Histiothrissa Woodward, 1901
- Genus ?†Jhingrania Misra & Saxena, 1959 (possibly a clupavid)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Genus †Santanaclupea Maisey, 1993
- Genus †Spratticeps Patterson, 1970
- Suborder Denticipitoidei Grande, 1982
  - Family Denticipitidae Clausen, 1959 (denticle herring)
- Suborder Clupeoidei Bleeker, 1849
  - Genus †Beksinskiella Granica, Bieńowska-Wasiluki & Paldyna, 2004 <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  - Genus †Nolfia De Figueiredo, 2009<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  - Genus †Pseudoellima De Figueiredo, 2009<ref name="De Figueiredo" />
  - Family †Cynoclupeidae Malabarba & Di Dario, 2017<ref name=":0" />
  - Family Spratelloididae D. S. Jordan 1925 (dwarf herrings or small round herrings)
  - Family Engraulidae Gill, 1861 (anchovies)
  - Family Clupeidae Cuvier, 1816 (herrings and sprats)
  - Family Chirocentridae Bleeker, 1849 (wolf herrings)
  - Family Dussumieriidae Gill, 1861 (round herrings or rainbow sardines)
  - Family Pristigasteridae Bleeker, 1872 (longfin herrings)
  - Family Ehiravidae Deraniyagala, 1929 (river sprats)
  - Family Alosidae Svetovidov, 1952 (shads and sardines)
  - Family Dorosomatidae Gill, 1861 (thread herrings or gizzard shads and sardinellas)

Timeline of generaEdit

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from: -199.6    till: -175.6    color:earlyjurassic    text:Early
from: -175.6    till: -161.2    color:middlejurassic    text:Middle
from: -161.2    till: -145.5    color:latejurassic    text:Late
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
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from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eo. 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligo.            
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from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Pl.
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color:latejurassic bar:NAM1  from:-161.2    till:-149.03 text:Pachythrissops
color:latejurassic bar:NAM2  from:-150.8    till:-149.03 text:Daitingichthys
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3  from:-99.6    till:-93.5 text:Ornategulum
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-99.6    till:-93.5 text:Scombroclupea
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5  from:-94.3    till:-85.8 text:Leufuichthys
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-85.8    till:-83.5 text:Histiothrissa
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-70.6    till:-65.5 text:Gasteroclupea
color:eocene bar:NAM6 from:-55.8   till:-48.6 text:Knightia
color:eocene bar:NAM8  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Hacquetia
color:eocene bar:NAM9  from:-55.8    till:0 text:Clupea
color:eocene bar:NAM10  from:-55.8    till:0 text:Harengula
color:eocene bar:NAM11 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Chirocentrus
color:eocene bar:NAM12 from:-48.6    till:0 text:Etrumeus
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-48.6    till:0 text:Sardinella
color:eocene bar:NAM14  from:-37.2    till:0 text:Alosa
color:oligocene bar:NAM15 from:-33.9    till:0 text:Opisthonema
color:oligocene bar:NAM16  from:-33.9    till:0 text:Pomolobus
color:oligocene bar:NAM17  from:-28.4    till:0 text:Sardina
color:miocene bar:NAM18  from:-23.03    till:0 text:Stolephorus
color:miocene bar:NAM19 from:-23.03    till:0 text:Anchoa
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color:miocene bar:NAM24 from:-11.608    till:-5.332 text:Etringus
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color:miocene bar:NAM27 from:-11.608    till:-5.332 text:Quisque
color:miocene bar:NAM28 from:-11.608    till:-5.332 text:Xyne
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color:miocene bar:NAM30 from:-11.608    till:0 text:Sarmatella
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from: -175.6    till: -161.2    color:middlejurassic    text:Middle
from: -161.2    till: -145.5    color:latejurassic    text:Late
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
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ReferencesEdit

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Template:Actinopterygii Template:Diversity of fish Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control