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Colchicum

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Colchicum (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell or Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coast, down the East African coast to South Africa and the Western Cape. In this genus, the ovary of the flower is underground. As a consequence, the styles are extremely long in proportion, often more than Template:Cvt. All species in the genus are toxic.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Common namesEdit

The common names autumn crocus, meadow saffron and naked lady may be applied to the whole genus or to many of its species; they refer to the "naked" crocus-like flowers that appear in late summer or autumn, long before the strap-like foliage which appears in spring.Template:Cn

Colchicum and Crocus look alike and can be confused by the casual observer. To add to the confusion, there are autumn-flowering species of crocus. However, colchicums have 3 styles and 6 stamens, while crocuses have 1 style supporting 3 long stigmas and 3 stamens.<ref>A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, page 154</ref> In addition, the corm structures are quite different—in Colchicum, the corm is irregular, while in crocuses, the corm is like a flattened ball.<ref>A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, page 20, elsewhere</ref> Crocus is in the iris family, Iridaceae.

EtymologyEdit

The name of the genus derives from Κολχίς (Colchis), the Ancient Greek name for the region of კოლხეთი (Kolkhida) in modern Georgia (Caucasus). Colchis features in Greek mythology as the land to which the Argonauts journeyed in quest of the golden fleece and where Jason encountered Medea. The Greek toponym Colchis is thought by scholars to derive from the Urartian Qulḫa, pronounced "Kolcha" (guttural "ch" - as in Scots loch).<ref>Lordkipanidze, O. (1991). Archeology in Georgia, Weinheim, 110.</ref>

RelationshipsEdit

Colchicum melanthioides, also known as Androcymbium melanthioides,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> is probably the best known species from the tropical regions. In contrast to most temperate colchicums, the flower and leaves are produced at the same time, the white flowers usually in a small corymb that is enclosed by white bracts. Close relatives such as Colchicum scabromarginatum (Androcymbium scabromarginatum) and Colchicum coloratum (Androcymbium burchellii) have flowers with very short stalks and may be pollinated by rodents.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

CultivationEdit

Temperate colchicums are commonly grown in gardens as ornamental flowers. Species found in cultivation include: Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

There are also cultivars and hybrids such as:- Template:Div col

  • C. 'Dick Trotter' (violet with white centre)
  • C. 'Disraeli' (purple white),
  • C. 'Giant' (red with white centre)
  • C. 'Harlekijn' (white with purple band)
  • C. 'Lilac Wonder' (lilac)
  • C. 'Pink Goblet' Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (violet-purple)

  • C. 'Poseidon' (purple)
  • C. 'Rosy Dawn' Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (rose pink)

  • C. 'Violet Queen' (purple)
  • C. 'Waterlily' Template:Smallcaps<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (double, lilac-pink) Template:Div col end

Those marked Template:Smallcaps have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the National Collection of colchicums is maintained at Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk.

Medicinal uses and poisonous propertiesEdit

Plants in this genus contain toxic amounts of the alkaloid colchicine which is used pharmaceutically to treat gout and Familial Mediterranean fever.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The use of the roots and seeds in traditional medicine is thought to have arisen due to the presence of this drug.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Its leaves, corm and seeds are poisonous. Murderer Catherine Wilson is thought to have used it to poison a number of victims in the 19th century. The species known to contain the most lethal amount of colchicine is C. autumnale.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SpeciesEdit

The following are the species included in the genus Colchicum.<ref name=TPL>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many species previously classified in Androcymbium, Bulbocodium and Merendera were moved to Colchicum based on molecular genetic evidence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607</ref> Androcymbium is currently considered a separate genus by some.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Div col end

ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

  • Suite 101. Plants and Bulbs: Hardy Fall-Blooming Bulbs for Your Garden
  • Veseys: Information for gardeners
  • A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, Bowles, E. A., D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1952
  • The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass, Volume 1, Walters, S. M., et al., editors, Cambridge University Press, 1984

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