Colugo

Colugos (Template:IPAc-enTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn), flying lemurs, or cobegos (Template:IPAc-enTemplate:Refn), are arboreal gliding euarchontogliran mammals that are native to Southeast Asia. Their closest evolutionary relatives are primates. There are just two living species of colugos: the Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus) and the Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans). These two species make up the entire family Cynocephalidae (Template:IPAc-en)Template:Refn and order Dermoptera,<ref name="msw3"/><ref name="TNHC"/> from Ancient Greek δέρμα (dérma) "skin" and πτερόν (pterón) "wing".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Characteristics

Colugos are nocturnal, tree-dwelling mammals.

Appearance and anatomy

They reach lengths of Template:Cvt and weigh Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They have long, slender front and rear limbs, a medium-length tail, and a relatively light build. The head is small, with large, front-focused eyes for excellent binocular vision, and small rounded ears.

The incisor teeth of colugos are highly distinctive; they are comb-like in shape with up to 20 tines on each tooth. The incisors are analogous in appearance and function to the incisor suite in strepsirrhines, which is used for grooming. The second upper incisors have two roots, another unique feature among mammals.<ref name=EoM/> The dental formula of colugos is: Template:DentalFormula

File:EB1911 - Galeopithecus.jpg

Feet of Philippine colugo

Movement

Colugos are proficient gliders, and thought better adapted for flight than any other gliding mammal. They can travel as far as Template:Cvt from one tree to another without losing much altitude,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with a Malayan colugo (Galeopterus variegatus) individual having been observed traveling about Template:Cvt in one glide.<ref name="pmid18252673">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Their ability to glide is possible because of a large membrane of skin that extends between their paired limbs. This gliding membrane, or patagium, runs from the shoulder blades to the fore paws, from the tip of the rear-most fingers to the tip of the toes, and from the hind legs to the tip of the tail.<ref name=EoM>Template:Cite book</ref> Colugos' gliding ability is aided by specialized muscles that control the tension and movement of the gliding membrane. The platysma myoides and platysma cervicale help adjust the patagium’s shape for better control during flight. The sternomastoideus and cleidomastoideus stabilize the head and neck, improving balance and maneuverability mid-air.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The spaces between the colugo's fingers and toes are webbed. As a result, colugos were once considered to be close relatives of bats. Today, on account of genetic data, they are considered to be more closely related to primates.<ref name="Janeckaetal2007">Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Dermoptera - toothcomb 01.jpg

Lower jaw (Galeopterus)

Colugos are unskilled climbers; they lack opposable thumbs.<ref name="Piotrowski 2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They progress up trees in a series of slow hops, gripping onto the bark with their small, sharp claws. They spend most of the day resting. At night, colugos spend most of their time up in the trees foraging, with gliding being used to either find another foraging tree or to find possible mates and protect territory.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Behavior and diet

Colugos are shy, nocturnal, solitary animals found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Consequently, very little is known about their behavior. They are herbivorous and eat leaves, shoots, flowers, sap, and fruit. They have well-developed stomachs and long intestines capable of extracting nutrients from leaves and other fibrous material.

As part of colugos' evolution into a nocturnal species, they developed night vision.<ref>Moritz, G. L., Lim, N. T., Neitz, M., Peichl, L., & Dominy, N. J. (2013). Expression and Evolution of Short Wavelength Sensitive Opsins in Colugos: A Nocturnal Lineage That Informs Debate on Primate Origins. Evolutionary biology, 40(4), 542–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-013-9230-y Template:Webarchive</ref> Colugos spend their days resting in tree holes and are active at night time; traveling around 1.7 km at night. Colugos may also be a territorial species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Life cycle

Although they are placentals, colugos raise their young in a manner similar to marsupials. Newborn colugos are underdeveloped and weigh only Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They spend the first six months of life clinging to their mother's belly. The mother colugo curls her tail and folds her patagium into a warm, secure, quasipouch to protect and transport her young. The young do not reach maturity until they are two to three years old.<ref name=EoM/> In captivity, they live up to 15 years, but their lifespan in the wild is unknown.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Status

Both species are threatened by habitat destruction, and the Philippine flying lemur was once classified by the IUCN as vulnerable. In 1996, the IUCN declared the species vulnerable owing to destruction of lowland forests and hunting. It was downlisted to least-concern status in 2008 but still faces the same threats. In addition to the ongoing clearing of its rainforest habitat, it is hunted for its meat and fur. It is also a favorite prey item for the critically endangered Philippine eagle; some studies suggest colugos account for 90% of the eagle's diet.<ref name=" Chandler ">Template:Cite book</ref>

Taxonomy

Their family name Cynocephalidae comes from the Ancient Greek words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (kyōn) "dog" and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (kephalē) "head" because their heads are broad with short snouts like dogs.<ref name="TNHC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Classification and evolution

It is estimated the ancestors of the colugos split from other mammals about 80 million years ago, leading to the present day forms that consist of 7 to 14 extant species.<ref>DNA analysis suggests colugos are part of a primate sister group</ref> The Mixodectidae and Plagiomenidae appear to be fossil Dermoptera. Although other Paleogene mammals have been interpreted as related to dermopterans, the evidence for this association is uncertain and many of the fossils are no longer interpreted as being gliding mammals.<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> At present, the fossil record of definitive dermopterans is limited to two species of the Eocene and Oligocene cynocephalid genus Dermotherium.<ref name=Marivauxetal06>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that colugos emerged as a basal Primatomorpha clade – which, in turn, is a basal Euarchontoglires clade. Scandentia are widely considered to be the closest relatives of Primatomorpha, within Euarchonta. Some studies, however, place Scandentia as sister of Glires (lagomorphs and rodents), in an unnamed sister clade of the Primatomorpha.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

• Order Dermoptera
  • †Family Plagiomenidae?
    • †Planetetherium
      • †Planetetherium mirabile
    • †Plagiomene
      • †Plagiomene multicuspis
  • †Family Mixodectidae?
    • †Dracontolestes
      • †Dracontolestes aphantus
    • †Eudaemonema<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
      • †Eudaemonema cuspidata
    • †Mixodectes
      • †Mixodectes pungens
      • †Mixodectes malaris
  • Family Cynocephalidae
    • Cynocephalus
      • Philippine flying lemur, Cynocephalus volans
    • Galeopterus
      • Sunda flying lemur, Galeopterus variegatus
    • †Dermotherium
      • †Dermotherium major
      • †Dermotherium chimaera

Gallery

• Colugo's claw.jpg

  Claw of Sunda flying lemur

• Colugo (Cynocephalus variegatus) " red " morph (8064072543).jpg

  A red morph of a colugo

• Cynocephalus volans 58339590.jpg

  Black morph of a Sunda flying colugo

• Sunda Flying Lemur.jpg

  Colugo in a tree

External links

• Flying lemurs are the closest relatives of primates

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