Common blackbird
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The common blackbird (Turdus merula) is a species of true thrush. It is also called the Eurasian blackbird (especially in North America, to distinguish it from the unrelated New World blackbirds),<ref name="natgeo">Template:Cite book</ref> or simply the blackbird. It breeds in Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand.<ref>Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21–493. Template:ISBN.</ref> It has a number of subspecies across its large range; a few former Asian subspecies are now widely treated as separate species. Depending on latitude, the common blackbird may be resident, partially migratory, or fully migratory.
The adult male of the common blackbird (Turdus merula merula, the nominate subspecies), which is found throughout most of Europe, is all black except for a yellow eye-ring and bill and has a rich, melodious song; the adult female and juvenile have mainly dark brown plumage. This species breeds in woods and gardens, building a neat, cup-shaped nest, bound together with mud. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms, berries, and fruits.
Both sexes are territorial on the breeding grounds, with distinctive threat displays, but are more gregarious during migration and in wintering areas. Pairs stay in their territory throughout the year where the climate is sufficiently temperate. This common and conspicuous species has given rise to a number of literary and cultural references, frequently related to its song.
Taxonomy and systematicsEdit
The common blackbird was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Turdus merula (characterised as T. ater, rostro palpebrisque fulvis).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The binomial name derives from two Latin words, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "thrush", and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "blackbird", the latter giving rise to its French name, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}},<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and its Scots name, merl.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
About 65 species of medium to large thrushes are in the genus Turdus, characterised by rounded heads, longish, pointed wings, and usually melodious songs. Although two European thrushes, the song thrush and mistle thrush, are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of Turdus thrushes after they spread north from Africa, the blackbird is descended from ancestors that had colonised the Canary Islands from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there.<ref name= reilly>Template:Cite book</ref> It is close in evolutionary terms to the island thrush (T. poliocephalus) of Southeast Asia and islands in the southwest Pacific, which probably diverged from T. merula stock fairly recently.<ref name=Clement/>
It may not immediately be clear why the name "blackbird", first recorded in 1486, was applied to this species, but not to one of the various other common black English birds, such as the carrion crow, raven, rook, or jackdaw. However, in Old English, and in modern English up to about the 18th century, "bird" was used only for smaller or young birds, and larger ones such as crows were called "fowl". At that time, the blackbird was therefore the only widespread and conspicuous "black bird" in the British Isles.<ref name="OED">Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1933: Bird (sense 2), Blackbird</ref> Until about the 17th century, another name for the species was ouzel, ousel or wosel (from Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, cf. German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Another variant occurs in Act 3 of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, where Bottom refers to "The Woosell cocke, so blacke of hew, With Orenge-tawny bill". The ouzel usage survived later in poetry, and still occurs as the name of the closely related ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus), and in water ouzel, an alternative name for the unrelated but superficially similar white-throated dipper (Cinclus cinclus).<ref name= birdnames>Template:Cite book</ref>
Five related Asian Turdus thrushes—the white-collared blackbird (T. albocinctus), the grey-winged blackbird (T. boulboul), the Indian blackbird (T. simillimus), the Tibetan blackbird (T. maximus), and the Chinese blackbird (T. mandarinus)—are also named blackbirds;<ref name = Clement/> the latter three species were formerly treated as conspecific with the common blackbird.<ref name="IOC" /> In addition, the Somali thrush (T. (olivaceus) ludoviciae) is alternatively known as the Somali blackbird.<ref name= Sinclair>Sinclair, I., & P. Ryan (2003). Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. Template:ISBN</ref>
The icterid family of the New World is sometimes called the blackbird family because of some species' superficial resemblance to the common blackbird and other Old World thrushes, but they are not evolutionarily close, being related to the New World warblers and tanagers.<ref name= Jaramillo>Template:Cite book</ref> The term is often limited to smaller species with mostly or entirely black plumage, at least in the breeding male, notably the cowbirds,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the grackles,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and for around 20 species with "blackbird" in the name, such as the red-winged blackbird and the melodious blackbird.<ref name= Jaramillo/>
SubspeciesEdit
As would be expected for a widespread passerine bird species, several geographical subspecies are recognised. The treatment of subspecies in this article follows Clement et al. (2000).<ref name = Clement/>
- T. m. merula, the nominate subspecies, breeds commonly throughout much of Europe from Iceland, the Faroes and the British Isles east to the Ural Mountains and north to about 70 N, where it is fairly scarce. A small population breeds in the Nile Valley. Birds from the north of the range winter throughout Europe and around the Mediterranean, including Cyprus and North Africa. The introduced birds in Australia and New Zealand are of the nominate race.<ref name = Clement/>
- T. m. azorensis is a small race which breeds in the Azores. The male is darker and glossier than merula.<ref name=BWP/>
- T. m. cabrerae, named for Ángel Cabrera, the Spanish zoologist, resembles azorensis and breeds in Madeira and the western Canary Islands.<ref name=BWP/>
- T. m. mauritanicus, another small dark subspecies with a glossy black male plumage, breeds in central and northern Morocco, coastal Algeria and northern Tunisia.<ref name=BWP/>File:Turdus merula -autumn leaves -Budapest-8.jpgFirst-summer male, probably subspecies aterrimus
- T m. aterrimus breeds in Hungary, south and east to southern Greece, Crete, northern Turkey and northern Iran. It winters in southern Turkey, northern Egypt, Iraq and southern Iran. It is smaller than merula with a duller male and paler female plumage.<ref name=BWP/>
- T. m. syriacus breeds on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey south to Jordan, Israel and the northern Sinai. It is mostly resident, but part of the population moves southwest or west to winter in the Jordan Valley and in the Nile Delta of northern Egypt south to about Cairo. Both sexes of this subspecies are darker and greyer than the equivalent merula plumages.<ref name = Clement/>
- T. m. intermedius is an Asian race breeding from Central Russia to Tajikistan, western and northeastern Afghanistan, and eastern China. Many birds are resident, but some are altitudinal migrants and occur in southern Afghanistan and southern Iraq in winter.<ref name= Clement/> This is a large subspecies, with a sooty-black male and a blackish-brown female.<ref name="HBW3"/>
The Central Asian subspecies, the relatively large intermedius, also differs in structure and voice, and may represent a distinct species.<ref name="HBW3">Collar, N. J. (2005). Common Blackbird (Turdus merula). p. 645 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A. eds. (2005) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Template:ISBN</ref> Alternatively, it has been suggested that it should be considered a subspecies of T. maximus,<ref name=Clement/> but it differs in structure, voice and the appearance of the eye-ring.<ref name="HBW3"/><ref name="HBW2">Collar, N. J. (2005). Tibetan Blackbird (Turdus maximus). p. 646 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A., eds. (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 10: Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Template:ISBN</ref>
- Amsel Weibchen aufgeplustert edit2.jpg
Female of subspecies merula
- Turdus merula (juvenile) -lawn-8.jpg
Juvenile T. m. merula in England
- Common blackbird (Turdus merula) male, young adult.jpg
Young adult T. m. merula in Oxfordshire
- Turdus merula -Cradley, England -pied-8.jpg
A leucistic adult male in England with much white in the plumage
- Turdus merula -Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain-8 (2).jpg
T. m. cabrerae on Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
Similar speciesEdit
In Europe, the common blackbird can be confused with the paler-winged first-winter ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus) or the superficially similar common starling (Sturnus vulgaris).<ref name= Collins>Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars, Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (2001). Birds of Europe. Princeton University Press. pp. 304–306. Template:ISBN</ref> A number of similar Turdus thrushes exist far outside the range of the common blackbird, for example the South American Chiguanco thrush (Turdus chiguanco).<ref name= Fjeldsaa>Fjeldså, J., & N. Krabbe (1990). The Birds of the High Andes. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen. Template:ISBN</ref> The Indian blackbird (Turdus simillimus), the Tibetan blackbird (Turdus maximus), and the Chinese blackbird (Turdus mandarinus) were formerly treated as subspecies of the common blackbird.<ref name="IOC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DescriptionEdit
The common blackbird of the nominate subspecies T. m. merula is Template:Cvt in length, has a long tail, and weighs Template:Cvt. The adult male has glossy black plumage, blackish-brown legs, a yellow eye-ring and an orange-yellow bill. The bill darkens somewhat in winter.<ref name= Collins/> The adult female is sooty-brown with a dull yellowish-brownish bill, a brownish-white throat and some weak mottling on the breast. The juvenile is similar to the female, but has pale spots on the upperparts, and the very young juvenile also has a speckled breast. Young birds vary in the shade of brown, with darker birds presumably males.<ref name= Collins/> The first year male resembles the adult male, but has a dark bill and weaker eye ring, and its folded wing is brown, rather than black like the body plumage.<ref name= Clement/>
Distribution and habitatEdit
The common blackbird breeds in temperate Eurasia, North Africa, the Canary Islands, and South Asia. It has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand.<ref name = Clement/> Populations are sedentary in the south and west of the range, although northern birds migrate south as far as northern Africa and tropical Asia in winter.<ref name= Clement >Template:Cite book</ref> Urban males are more likely to overwinter in cooler climes than rural males, an adaptation made feasible by the warmer microclimate and relatively abundant food that allow the birds to establish territories and start reproducing earlier in the year.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Recoveries of blackbirds ringed on the Isle of May show that these birds commonly migrate from southern Norway (or from as far north as Trondheim) to Scotland, and some onwards to Ireland. Scottish-ringed birds have also been recovered in England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden.<ref>Eggeling W. J. (1960) The Isle of May: a Scottish nature reserve. Oliver and Boyd. p. 108.</ref> Female blackbirds in Scotland and the north of England migrate more (to Ireland) in winter than do the males.<ref>Snow D. (1958) A Study of Blackbirds. George Allen & Unwin. p. 173.</ref>
Common over most of its range in woodland, the common blackbird has a preference for deciduous trees with dense undergrowth. However, gardens provide the best breeding habitat with up to 7.3 pairs per hectare (nearly three pairs per acre), with woodland typically holding about a tenth of that density, and open and very built-up habitats even less.<ref name = Snow>Template:Cite book</ref> They are often replaced by the related ring ouzel in areas of higher altitude.<ref name=Observerbirdseggs>Template:Cite book</ref> The common blackbird also lives in parks, gardens and hedgerows.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The common blackbird occurs at elevations of up to Template:Cvt in Europe, Template:Cvt in North Africa, and at Template:Cvt in peninsular India and Sri Lanka, but the large Himalayan subspecies range much higher, with T. m. maximus breeding at Template:Cvt and remaining above Template:Cvt even in winter.<ref name=Clement/>
This widespread species has occurred as a vagrant in many locations in Eurasia outside its normal range, but records from North America are normally considered to involve escapees, including, for example, the 1971 bird in Quebec.<ref name = McNeil >Template:Cite journal</ref> However, a 1994 record from Bonavista, Newfoundland, has been accepted as a genuine wild bird,<ref name = Clement/> and the species is therefore on the North American list.<ref name =AOU>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Behaviour and ecologyEdit
The male common blackbird defends its breeding territory, chasing away other males or utilising a "bow and run" threat display. This consists of a short run, the head first being raised and then bowed with the tail dipped simultaneously. If a fight between male blackbirds does occur, it is usually short and the intruder is soon chased away. The female blackbird is also aggressive in the spring when it competes with other females for a good nesting territory, and although fights are less frequent, they tend to be more violent.<ref name= Snow/>
The bill's appearance is important in the interactions of the common blackbird. The territory-holding male responds more aggressively towards models with orange bills than to those with yellow bills, and reacts least to the brown bill colour typical of the first-year male. The female is, however, relatively indifferent to bill colour, but responds instead to shinier bills.<ref name = AB64 >Template:Cite journal</ref>
As long as winter food is available, both the male and female will remain in the territory throughout the year, although occupying different areas. Migrants are more gregarious, travelling in small flocks and feeding in loose groups in the wintering grounds. The flight of migrating birds comprises bursts of rapid wing beats interspersed with level or diving movement, and differs from both the normal fast agile flight of this species and the more dipping action of larger thrushes.<ref name= BWP/>
BreedingEdit
The male common blackbird attracts the female with a courtship display which consists of oblique runs combined with head-bowing movements, an open beak, and a "strangled" low song. The female remains motionless until she raises her head and tail to permit copulation.<ref name = Snow/> This species is monogamous, and the established pair will usually stay together as long as they both survive.<ref name = BWP/> Pair separation rates of up to 20% have been noted following poor breeding.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although the species is socially monogamous, there have been studies showing as much as 17% extra-pair paternity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The nominate T. merula may commence breeding in March, but eastern and Indian races are a month or more later, and the introduced New Zealand birds start nesting in August (late winter).<ref name=Clement/><ref name= Observerbirdseggs/> The breeding pair prospect for a suitable nest site in a creeper or bush, favouring evergreen or thorny species such as ivy, holly, hawthorn, honeysuckle or pyracantha.<ref name = NatEngland/> Sometimes the birds will nest in sheds or outbuildings where a ledge or cavity is used. The cup-shaped nest is made with grasses, leaves and other vegetation, bound together with mud. It is built by the female alone. She lays three to five (usually four) bluish-green eggs marked with reddish-brown blotches,<ref name = Snow/> heaviest at the larger end;<ref name=Observerbirdseggs/> the eggs of nominate T. merula are Template:Cvt in size and weigh Template:Cvt, of which 6% is shell.<ref name = BTO>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eggs of birds of the southern Indian races are paler than those from the northern subcontinent and Europe.<ref name = Clement/>
The female incubates for 12–14 days before the altricial chicks are hatched naked and blind. Fledging takes another 10–19 (average 13.6) days, with both parents feeding the young and removing faecal sacs.<ref name = BWP/> The nest is often ill-concealed compared with those of other species, and many breeding attempts fail due to predation.<ref name="Game and Wildfowl Conservation Trust">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The young are fed by the parents for up to three weeks after leaving the nest, and will follow the adults begging for food. If the female starts another nest, the male alone will feed the fledged young.<ref name = Snow/> Second broods are common, with the female reusing the same nest if the brood was successful, and three broods may be raised in the south of the common blackbird's range.<ref name = Clement/>
A common blackbird has an average life expectancy of 2.4 years,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and, based on data from bird ringing, the oldest recorded age is 21 years and 10 months.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula) female with nesting material South Bruny.jpg
Female with nesting material
- Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg
Eggs in a nest
- Turdus merula -England -chicks in nest-8 (2).jpg
Two chicks in a nest
- Blackbird Fledgelings 2020 a 60 fps.webm
Blackbird fledgelings being fed
- Male Turdus merula feeding chicks.ogv
Male feeding chicks
- 02-Common Blackbird 1-Jan-2023 nX.webm
Common blackbird foraging in Norfolk, England
- Turdus merula (AU)-full.webm
A common blackbird eating figs near Toulouse, France
- Blackbird feeding.mpg
Feeding chick and removing faecal sac
Songs and callsEdit
Song 1 |
Song 2 |
Song 3 |
Song 4 |
Alarm calls |
In its native Northern Hemisphere range, the first-year male common blackbird of the nominate race may start singing as early as late January in fine weather in order to establish a territory, followed in late March by the adult male. The male's song is a varied and melodious low-pitched fluted warble, given from trees, rooftops or other elevated perches<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> mainly in the period from March to June, sometimes into the beginning of July. It has a number of other calls, including an aggressive seee, a pook-pook-pook alarm for terrestrial predators like cats, and various chink and chook, chook vocalisations. The territorial male invariably gives chink-chink calls in the evening in an attempt (usually unsuccessful) to deter other blackbirds from roosting in its territory overnight.<ref name=Snow/> During the northern winter, blackbirds can be heard quietly singing to themselves, so much so that September and October are the only months in which the song cannot be heard.<ref name=gbirds>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Like other passerine birds, it has a thin high seee alarm call for threats from birds of prey since the sound is rapidly attenuated in vegetation, making the source difficult to locate.<ref name= burton>Template:Cite book</ref>
The nominate subspecies T. m. merula is known to mimic sounds in the local environment, including the songs of other birds, as well as human sounds and technology such as whistling and car alarms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
FeedingEdit
The common blackbird is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms, seeds and berries. It feeds mainly on the ground, running and hopping with a start-stop-start progress. It pulls earthworms from the soil, usually finding them by sight, but sometimes by hearing, and roots through leaf litter for other invertebrates. Small amphibians, lizards and (on rare occasions) small mammals are occasionally hunted.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This species will also perch in bushes to take berries and collect caterpillars and other active insects.<ref name= Snow/> Animal prey predominates, and is particularly important during the breeding season, with windfall apples and berries taken more in the autumn and winter. The nature of the fruit taken depends on what is locally available, and frequently includes exotics in gardens.
Natural threatsEdit
Near human habitation the main predator of the common blackbird is the domestic cat, with newly fledged young especially vulnerable. Foxes and predatory birds, such as the sparrowhawk and other accipiters, also take this species when the opportunity arises.<ref name=RSPB/><ref name=Lambeth>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, there is little direct evidence to show that either predation of the adult blackbirds or loss of the eggs and chicks to corvids, such as the European magpie or Eurasian jay, decrease population numbers.<ref name=NatEngland>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
This species is occasionally a host of parasitic cuckoos, such as the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), but this is minimal because the common blackbird recognizes the adult of the parasitic species and its non-mimetic eggs.<ref name = daviesnb>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the UK, only three nests of 59,770 examined (0.005%) contained cuckoo eggs.<ref name= glue>Template:Cite journal</ref> The introduced merula blackbird in New Zealand, where the cuckoo does not occur, has, over the past 130 years, lost the ability to recognize the adult common cuckoo but still rejects non-mimetic eggs.<ref name=JAB>Template:Cite journal</ref>
As with other passerine birds, parasites are common. Intestinal parasites were found in 88% of common blackbirds, most frequently Isospora and Capillaria species.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and more than 80% had haematozoan parasites (Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Trypanosoma species).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Common blackbirds spend much of their time looking for food on the ground where they can become infested with ticks, which are external parasites that most commonly attach to the head of a blackbird.<ref name= Gregoire/> In France, 74% of rural blackbirds were found to be infested with Ixodes ticks, whereas, only 2% of blackbirds living in urban habitats were infested.<ref name= Gregoire/> This is partly because it is more difficult for ticks to find another host on lawns and gardens in urban areas than in uncultivated rural areas, and partly because ticks are likely to be commoner in rural areas, where a variety of tick hosts, such as foxes, deer and boar, are more numerous.<ref name= Gregoire/> Although ixodid ticks can transmit pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and are known to transmit Borrelia bacteria to birds,<ref name= Kipp>Template:Cite journal</ref> there is no evidence that this affects the fitness of blackbirds except when they are exhausted and run down after migration.<ref name=Gregoire>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The common blackbird is one of a number of species which has unihemispheric slow-wave sleep. One hemisphere of the brain is effectively asleep, while a low-voltage EEG, characteristic of wakefulness, is present in the other. The benefit of this is that the bird can rest in areas of high predation or during long migratory flights, but still retain a degree of alertness.<ref name="Perspectives">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Status and conservationEdit
The common blackbird has an extensive range, estimated at Template:Convert, and a large population, including an estimated 79 to 160 million individuals in Europe alone. The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as least concern.<ref name=IUCN>Template:Cite iucn</ref> In the western Palearctic, populations are generally stable or increasing,<ref name=BWP>Template:Cite book p1215–1218</ref> but there have been local declines, especially on farmland, which may be due to agricultural policies that encouraged farmers to remove hedgerows (which provide nesting places), and to drain damp grassland and increase the use of pesticides, both of which could have reduced the availability of invertebrate food.<ref name = RSPB>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The common blackbird was introduced to Australia by a bird dealer visiting Melbourne in early 1857,<ref name=OzPests/> and its range has expanded from its initial foothold in Melbourne and Adelaide to include all of southeastern Australia, including Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands.<ref name =backyard>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The introduced population in Australia is considered a pest because it damages a variety of soft fruits in orchards, parks and gardens, including berries, cherries, stone fruit and grapes.<ref name="OzPests">Clarke, G. M.; Gross, S., Matthews, M.; Catling, P. C.; Baker, B.; Hewitt, C. L.; Crowther, D.; Saddler, S. R. (2000), Environmental Pest Species in Australia, Australia: State of the Environment, Second Technical Paper Series (Biodiversity), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. Template:HDL</ref> It is thought to spread weeds, such as blackberry, and may compete with native birds for food and nesting sites.<ref name=OzPests/><ref name=Oz>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The introduced common blackbird is, together with the native silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), the most widely distributed avian seed disperser in New Zealand. Introduced there along with the song thrush (Turdus philomelos) in 1862, it has spread throughout the country up to an elevation of Template:Convert, as well as outlying islands such as the Campbell and Kermadecs.<ref name = "Fallaetal79">Falla, R. A., R. B. Sibson, and E. G. Turbott (1979). The new guide to the birds of New Zealand and outlying islands. Collins, Auckland. Template:ISBN</ref> It eats a wide range of native and exotic fruit, and makes a major contribution to the development of communities of naturalised woody weeds. These communities provide fruit more suited to non-endemic native birds and naturalised birds than to endemic birds.<ref name= NZ>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The numbers of blackbirds in Europe have been significantly reduced by the Usutu virus which is spread by mosquitoes. This was detected in Italy in 1996 and has since spread to other countries including Germany and the UK.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Turdus merula cabrerae MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.186.14.jpg
Turdus merula cabrerae - MHNT
- Turdus merula merula MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.186.11.jpg
Turdus merula merula - MHNT
- Turdus merula mauritanicus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.186.23.jpg
Turdus merula mauritanicus - MHNT
- Turdus merula azorensis MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.189.8.jpg
Turdus merula azorensis - MHNT
In popular cultureEdit
The common blackbird was seen as a sacred though destructive bird in Classical Greek folklore, and was said to die if it consumed pomegranates.<ref name = "Cooper92">Template:Cite book</ref> Like many other small birds, it has in the past been trapped in rural areas at its night roosts as an easily available addition to the diet,<ref name=Cocker/> and in medieval times the practice of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving may have been the origin of the familiar nursery rhyme:<ref name= Cocker >Template:Cite book</ref>
Sing a song of sixpence,
A pocket full of rye;
Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie!
When the pie was opened the birds began to sing,
Oh, wasn't that a dainty dish to set before the king?<ref name = pie>Template:Cite book</ref>
The common blackbird's melodious, distinctive song is mentioned in the poem Adlestrop by Edward Thomas;
And for that minute a blackbird sang
Close by, and round him, mistier,
Farther and farther, all the birds
Of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire.<ref name = adelstrop>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web}}</ref>
In the English Christmas carol "The Twelve Days of Christmas", the line commonly sung today as "four calling birds" is believed to have originally been written in the 18th century as "four colly birds", an archaism meaning "black as coal" that was a popular English nickname for the common blackbird.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The common blackbird, unlike many black creatures, is not normally seen as a symbol of bad luck,<ref name=Cocker/> but R. S. Thomas wrote that there is "a suggestion of dark Places about it",<ref name = rst>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and it symbolised resignation in the 17th century tragic play The Duchess of Malfi;<ref name="deVries76">Template:Cite book</ref> an alternate connotation is vigilance, the bird's clear cry warning of danger.<ref name="deVries76"/>
The common blackbird is the national bird of Sweden,Template:Cn which has a breeding population of 1–2 million pairs,<ref name=BWP/> and was featured on a 30 öre Christmas postage stamp in 1970;<ref name = stamp>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it has also featured on a number of other stamps issued by European and Asian countries, including a 1966 4d British stamp and a 1998 Irish 30p stamp.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This bird—arguably—also gives rise to the Serbian name for Kosovo (and Metohija), which is the possessive adjectival form of Serbian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("blackbird") as in Kosovo Polje ("Blackbird Field").<ref name= kosovo>Template:Cite book</ref>
French composer Olivier Messiaen transcribed the songs of male blackbirds; these melodies have commonly appeared throughout his œuvre. The most notable instance of this is the 1952 chamber miniature Le merle noir, a piece for flute and piano.
A common blackbird can be heard singing on the Beatles song "Blackbird" as a symbol of the civil rights movement.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Snow, David W. (1987). The Blackbird. Shire Natural History Template:ISBN
- Template:Cite journal
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
Species informationEdit
- BBC Science & Nature – Blackbird, with song clip (archive)
- Madeira Birdwatching – Information on subspecies cabrerae
- RSPB – Blackbird, including video and sound clips
- iberCaja Classroom Network – Blackbird ageing and sexing (archived PDF; 5.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
- Ornithos – Feathers of common blackbird (Turdus merula) Template:Webarchive
Sounds and videosEdit
- Template:Xeno-canto species
- Blackbird videos, photos & sounds on Cornell Lab's All About Birds
- Other blackbird songs on Sonatura Template:Webarchive
ImagesEdit
- ARKive – Blackbird still images (archive)
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