Corylus avellana

Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox Corylus avellana, the common hazel, is a species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae. The shrubs usually grow Template:Convert tall. The nut is round, in contrast to the longer filbert nut. Common hazel is native to Europe and Western Asia.

The species is mainly cultivated for its nuts. The name 'hazelnut' applies to the nuts of any species in the genus Corylus, but in commercial contexts usually describes C. avellana. This hazelnut or cob nut, the kernel of the seed, is edible and used raw, roasted, or ground into a paste. Historically, the shrub was an important component of the hedgerows used as field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was grown as coppice, with the poles used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.

DescriptionEdit

Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching Template:Convert tall, but can reach Template:Convert. The leaves are deciduous, rounded, Template:Convert long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12 cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red Template:Convert long styles visible. The fruit is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, Template:Convert long and Template:Convert broad (larger, up to 25 mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=tfl/><ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: Corylus avellana Template:Webarchive</ref>

It is readily distinguished from the closely related filbert (Corylus maxima) by the short involucre; in the filbert the nut is fully enclosed by a beak-like involucre longer than the nut.<ref name=rushforth/>

TaxonomyEdit

The scientific name avellana derives from the town of Avella in Italy,<ref name=afm2>Mitchell, A. F. (1982). The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins Template:ISBN</ref> and was selected by Linnaeus from Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), where the species was described as "Avellana nux sylvestris" ("wild nut of Avella").<ref name=cl>Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum p. 998.</ref> That name was taken in turn from Pliny the Elder's first century A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DistributionEdit

Corylus avellana occurs from Ireland and the British Isles south to Iberia, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, north to central Scandinavia, and east to the central Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, and northwestern Iran.<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name=dvf>Den Virtuella Floran: map</ref><ref name=tfl>Trees for Life Hazel species profile Template:Webarchive</ref>

EcologyEdit

The leaves provide food for many animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella. Caterpillars of the concealer moth Alabonia geoffrella have been found feeding inside dead common hazel twigs.

The fruit are possibly even more important animal food, both for invertebrates adapted to circumvent the shell (usually by ovipositing in the female flowers, which also gives protection to the offspring) and for vertebrates which manage to crack them open (such as squirrels and corvids). Both are considered pests by hazelnut growers.

The roots of C. avellana are also commonly used as the host for ectomycorrhizal fungus such as Laccaria laccata (Deceiver), Russula ochroleuca (Ochre Brittlegill) and Paxillus involutus (Brown Rollrim), which are the most commonly recorded mycorrhizal fungi in Great Britain.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the Mediterranean, the Black Truffle (Tuber melanosporum) is found on the roots.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

CultivationEdit

File:Hazelnut in blossom.jpg

Corylus avellana 'Contorta'

There are many cultivars of the hazel, up to 400 cultivars (in 2011) of C. avellana have been named.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The list of cultivars includes Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, England, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, and Willamette.<ref name="rhs">Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. Template:ISBN.</ref> It also includes Polish hazelnuts cultivars: Kataloński and Webba Cenny.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut including large nut size, and early and late fruiting cultivars, whereas other are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts.<ref name="rhs" /> Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert.<ref name="fnwe" />

The following ornamental cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

'Contorta'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (corkscrew hazel, Harry Lauder's walking stick)

'Red Majestic'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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UsesEdit

According to the New Sunset Western Garden Book, the European hazelnut is among the most widely grown hazelnut plants for commercial nut production.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

This shrub is common in many European woodlands. It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was traditionally grown as coppice, the poles cut and used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.<ref name="rushforth" />

HazelnutsEdit

File:Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) - whole with kernels.jpg

Hazelnuts

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Hazelnuts are rich in protein and unsaturated fat. They also contain significant amounts of manganese, copper, vitamin E, thiamine, and magnesium.<ref>SELF Nutrition data, Nuts, hazelnuts or filberts. Accessed 2014-08-22.</ref>

Common hazel is cultivated for its nuts in commercial orchards in Europe, Turkey, Iran and Caucasus. The name "hazelnut" applies to the nuts of any of the several species of the genus Corylus. This hazelnut or cobnut, the kernel of the seed, is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin which has a bitter flavour and is sometimes removed before cooking. The top producer of hazelnuts, by a large margin, is Turkey, specifically the Giresun Province. Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 tonnes accounts for approximately 75% of worldwide production.<ref>World Hazelnut Situation and Outlook, USDA 2004.</ref>

BiochemistryEdit

In 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration recognized edible nuts as "heart healthy" foods.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Frequent nut intake is associated with low risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The prevalent phenolics accumulates in Corylus avellana kernels and its by-products are catechin, gallic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, their esters and flavonoids.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Del Rio et al. 2011.</ref> Various other bioactive phenols have also been characterized in hazelnut leaves and foliar buds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>