Comparison of relational database management systems

Template:Short description The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.

General information

	Maintainer	First public release date	Latest stable version	Latest release date	License	Public issues list
4D (4th Dimension)	4D S.A.S.	1984	v16.0	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
ADABAS	Software AG	1970	8.1	2013-06	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Adaptive Server Enterprise	SAP AG	1987	16.0 SP03 PL07	2019-06-10	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Advantage Database Server (ADS)	SAP AG	1992	12.0	2015	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Altibase	Altibase Corp.	2000	7.1.0.1.2	2018-03-02	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Apache Derby	Apache	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	2023-11-14	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClustrixDB	MariaDB Corporation	2010	v7.0	2015-08-19	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
CockroachDB	Cockroach Labs	2015	v24.1.0	2024-05-20	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CUBRID	CUBRID	2008-11	11.2.3	2023-01-31	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Datacom	CA, Inc.	Early 70s<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
IBM Db2	IBM	1983	Template:Wikidata	Template:Wikidata; Template:Time ago	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Empress Embedded Database	Empress Software Inc	1979	10.20	2010-03	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Exasol	EXASOL AG	2004	7.1.1	2021-09-15; Template:Time ago	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
FileMaker	FileMaker, Inc., an Apple subsidiary	1985-04	19	2020-05-20	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Firebird	Firebird project	2000-07-25	Template:Wikidata	Template:Wikidata; Template:Time ago	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GPUdb	GIS Federal	2014	3.2.5	2015-01-14	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
HSQLDB	HSQL Development Group	2001	2.6.1	2021-10-21	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
H2	H2 Software	2005	2.3.232	2024-08-12	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Informix Dynamic Server	IBM / HCL Technologies	1981????1980	15.0.0.0	2024-11-20	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Ingres	Actian(HCLSoftware)	1974	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	2024-05-06	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
InterBase	Embarcadero Technologies	1984	XE7 v12.0.4.357	2015-08-12	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Linter SQL RDBMS	RELEX Group	1990	6.0.17.53	2018-02-15	Template:Proprietary	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
LucidDB	The Eigenbase Project	2007-01	0.9.4	2012-01-05	Template:Free	Template:No
MariaDB	MariaDB Community	2010-02-01	Template:Wikidata	Template:Wikidata; Template:Time ago	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MaxDB	SAP AG	2003-05	7.9.0.8	2014	Template:Proprietary	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SingleStore (formerly MemSQL)	SingleStore	2012-06	7.1.11	2020-10-12	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Microsoft Access (JET)	Microsoft	1992	16 (2016)	2015-09-22	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Microsoft	1984	9 (2005)	2007-10-11	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Microsoft SQL Server	Microsoft	1989	Template:Wikidata	Template:Wikidata; Template:Time ago	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Microsoft	2000	2011 (v4.0)		Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Mimer SQL	Mimer Information Technology	1978	11.0.8E	2024-10-22	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
MonetDB	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	2004	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	2025-03-27	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
mSQL	Hughes Technologies	1994	4.1<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	2017-06-30	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
MySQL	Oracle Corporation	1995-11	Template:Wikidata	Template:Wikidata; Template:Time ago	Template:Partial	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
NexusDB	NexusDB Pty Ltd	2003	4.00.14	2015-06-25	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
HPE NonStop SQL	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	1987	SQL/MX 3.4		Template:Proprietary	Template:No
NuoDB	NuoDB	2013	4.1	2020-08	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Omnis Studio	TigerLogic Inc	1982-07	6.1.3 Release 1no	2015-12	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
OpenEdge	Progress Software Corporation	1984	12.8	2024-1	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
OpenLink Virtuoso	OpenLink Software	1998	7.2.5.1	2018-08-15	Template:Partial	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Oracle DB	Oracle Corporation	1979-11	Template:Wikidata	Template:Wikidata; Template:Time ago	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Oracle Rdb	Oracle Corporation	1984	Template:Oracle Rdb version	Template:Oracle Rdb version	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Paradox	Corel Corporation	1985	11	2009-09-07	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Percona Server for MySQL	Percona	2006	Template:Percona Server for MySQL version	Template:Percona Server for MySQL version	Template:Free	Template:Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Actian	1982	v16	2024-06-30	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Polyhedra DBMS	ENEA AB	1993	9.0	2015-06-24	Template:Proprietary, with Polyhedra Lite available as Freeware<ref name = "poly_lite">Template:Citation.</ref>	Template:No
PostgreSQL	PostgreSQL Global Development Group	1989-06	17.4	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Free<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
R:Base	R:BASE Technologies	1982	10.0	2016-05-26	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
SAP HANA	SAP AG	2010	2.0 SPS04	2019-08-08	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
solidDB	UNICOM Global	1992	7.0.0.10	2014-04-29	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
SQL Anywhere	SAP AG	1992	17.0.0.48	2019-07-26	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
SQLBase	Unify Corp.	1982	11.5	2008-11	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
SQLite	D. Richard Hipp	2000-09-12	Template:Wikidata	Template:Wikidata; Template:Time ago	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SQream DB	SQream Technologies	2014	2.1<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	2018-01-15	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Superbase	Superbase	1984	Classic	2003	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Superbase NG	Superbase NG	2002	Superbase NG 2.10	2017	Template:Proprietary	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Teradata	Teradata	1984	15	2014-04	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
TiDB	PingCAP Inc.	2016	Template:Wikidata	Template:Wikidata; Template:Time ago	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
UniData	Rocket Software	1988	8.2.1	2017-07	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
Vector	Actian(HCLSoftware)	2010	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	2024-12-17	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
YugabyteDB	Yugabyte, Inc.	2018	Template:YugabyteDB version	Template:YugabyteDB version	Template:Free	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Actian	1982	v16	2024-06-30	Template:Proprietary	Template:No
	Maintainer	First public release date	Latest stable version	Latest release date	License	Public issues list

Operating system support

The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.

	Windows	macOS	Linux	BSD	UNIX	AmigaOS	z/OS	OpenVMS	iOS	Android
4th Dimension	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
ADABAS	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Advantage Database Server	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Altibase	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Apache Derby	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:No
ClustrixDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
CockroachDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
CUBRID	Template:Yes	Template:Partial	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
IBM Db2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
Empress Embedded Database	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes
EXASolution	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
FileMaker	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No
Firebird	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Partial	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes
HSQLDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
H2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes
Informix Dynamic Server	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes (AIX)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Ingres	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Partial	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No	Template:No
InterBase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes (Solaris)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Under Linux on IBM Z	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
LucidDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
MariaDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes<ref>https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.esminis.server.mariadb&hl=de MariaDB Android Version by Tautvydas Andrikys</ref>
MaxDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Partial	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Microsoft Access (JET)	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Microsoft SQL Server	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Mimer SQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No	Template:Yes
MonetDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
MySQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes<ref>http://techotv.com/run-apache-mysql-php-http-web-server-android-os-phone-tablet/ Run Apache, Mysql, Php – Web server on Android mobile or Tablet</ref>
Omnis Studio	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
OpenEdge	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
OpenLink Virtuoso	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Oracle	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
Oracle Rdb	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (OEM only)	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Polyhedra	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
PostgreSQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (MorphOS)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Under Linux on IBM Z<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes
R:Base	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
SAP HANA	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
solidDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Under Linux on IBM Z	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
SQL Anywhere	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes
SQLBase	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
SQLite	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Partial	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
SQream DB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Superbase	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Superbase NG	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Teradata	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
TiDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Partial	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
UniData	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
UniVerse	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
YugabyteDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
	Windows	macOS	Linux	BSD	UNIX	AmigaOS	z/OS	OpenVMS	iOS	Android

Fundamental features

Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.

Database Name	ACID	Referential integrity	Transactions	Fine-grained locking	Multiversion concurrency control	Unicode	Interface	Type inference
4th Dimension	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
ADABAS	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	proprietary direct call & SQL (via 3rd party)	Template:Yes
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Advantage Database Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes4	API & SQL	Template:Yes
Altibase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Apache Derby	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking) <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
ClustrixDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
CockroachDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:No
CUBRID	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
IBM Db2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Empress Embedded Database	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & SQL	Template:Yes
EXASolution	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Firebird	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	API & SQL	Template:Yes
HSQLDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
H2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
Informix Dynamic Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	SQL, REST, MQ, and JSON	Template:Yes
Ingres	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	SQL & QUEL	Template:Yes
InterBase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Except for DDL)	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
LucidDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
MariaDB	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes2 except for DDL<ref name="Transactional DDL in PostgreSQL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Transactional DDL in MariaDB">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
MaxDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
Microsoft Access (JET)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Microsoft Visual FoxPro	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking SMB2)	Template:Yes	Template:No	GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Microsoft SQL Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Mimer SQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Optimistic locking)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
MonetDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & SQL & MAL	Template:Yes
MySQL	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes3	Template:Yes2 except for DDL<ref name="Transactional DDL in PostgreSQL"/>	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	GUI 5 & SQL	Template:Yes
OpenEdge	Template:Yes	Template:Yes6	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Oracle	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes except for DDL<ref name="Transactional DDL in PostgreSQL" />	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Oracle Rdb	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
Polyhedra DBMS	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (optimistic and pessimistic cell-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & SQL	Template:Yes
PostgreSQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:No<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
SAP HANA	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
solidDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & SQL	Template:Yes
SQL Anywhere	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	API & GUI & HTTP(S) (REST & SOAP)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> & SQL	Template:Yes
SQLBase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	API & GUI & SQL	Template:Yes
SQLite	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No (Database-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No	Template:Optional<ref>SQLite Full Unicode support is optional and not installed by default in most systems (like Android, Debian...)</ref>	API & SQL	Template:Yes
Superbase NG	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes (Record-level locking)	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	GUI & Proprietary & ODBC	Template:Yes
Teradata	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Hash and Partition)	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	SQL	Template:Yes
TiDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes except for DDL<ref name="Transactional DDL in PostgreSQL"/>	Template:Yes (Row-level locking)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	GUI 5 & SQL	Template:Yes
UniData	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Multiple	Template:Yes
UniVerse	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Multiple	Template:Yes
Database Name	ACID	Referential integrity	Transactions	Fine-grained locking	Multiversion concurrency control	Unicode	Interface	Type inference

• Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommitted transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
• Note (2): MariaDB and MySQL provide ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Note (3): "For other than InnoDB storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the Template:Mono and Template:Mono syntax in Template:Mono statements. The Template:Mono clause is parsed but ignored by all storage engines."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.
• Note (5): MySQL provides GUI interface through MySQL Workbench.
• Note (6): OpenEdge SQL database engine uses Referential Integrity, OpenEdge ABL Database engine does not and is handled via database triggers.

Limits

Information about data size limits.

	Max DB size	Max table size	Max row size	Max columns per row	Max Blob/Clob size	Max CHAR size	Max NUMBER size	Min DATE value	Max DATE value	Max column name size
4th Dimension	Limited	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	65,135	200 GB (2 GiB Unicode)	200 GB (2 GiB Unicode)	64 bits	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Advantage Database Server	Unlimited	16 EiB	Template:Val	65,135 / (10+ AvgFieldNameLength)	4 GiB	Template:Dunno	64 bits	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	128
Apache Derby	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	1,012 (5,000 in views)	2,147,483,647 chars	254 (Template:Mono: 32,672)	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
ClustrixDB	Unlimited	Unlimited	64 MB on Appliance, 4 MB on AWS	Template:Dunno	64 MB	64 MB	64 MB	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	254
CUBRID	2 EB	2 EB	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	1 GB	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	254
IBM DB2	Unlimited	Template:Val	Template:Val	1,012	Template:Val	Template:Val	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
Empress Embedded Database	Unlimited	263−1 bytes	2 GB	32,767	2 GB	2 GB	64 bits	0000-01-01	9999-12-31	32
EXASolution	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	10,000	Template:N/A	2 MB	128 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	256
FileMaker	8 TB	8 TB	8 TB	256,000,000	4 GB	10,000,000	1 billion characters, Template:10^ to Template:10^, ±	0001-01-01	4000-12-31	100
Firebird	Unlimited1	≈32 TB	65,536 B	Depends on data types used	32 GB	32,767 B	128 bits	100	32768	63
HSQLDB	64 TB	Unlimited8	Unlimited8	Unlimited8	64 TB7	Unlimited8	Unlimited8	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
H2	64 TB	Unlimited8	Unlimited8	Unlimited8	64 TB7	Unlimited8	64 bits	-99999999	99999999	Unlimited8
	Max DB size	Max table size	Max row size	Max columns per row	Max Blob/Clob size	Max CHAR size	Max NUMBER size	Min DATE value	Max DATE value	Max column name size
Informix Dynamic Server	≈0.5 YB12	≈0,5YB12	32,765 bytes (exclusive of large objects)	32,765	4 TB	32,76514	10125 13	01/01/000110	12/31/9999	128 bytes
Ingres	Unlimited	Unlimited	256 KB	1,024	2 GB	32 000 B	64 bits	0001	9999	256
InterBase	Unlimited1	≈32 TB	65,536 B	Depends on data types used	2 GB	32,767 B	64 bits	100	32768	31
Linter SQL RDBMS	Unlimited	230 rows	64 KB (w/o BLOBs), 2GB (each BLOB value)	250	2 GB	4000 B	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	66
MariaDB	Unlimited	MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB; Aria storage limits: ???	64 KB3	4,0964	4 GB (longtext, longblob)	64 KB (text)	64 bits	1000	9999	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Microsoft Access (JET)	2 GB	2 GB	16 MB	255	64 KB (memo field), 1 GB ("OLE Object" field)	255 B (text field)	32 bits	0100	9999	64
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Unlimited	2 GB	65,500 B	255	2 GB	16 MB	32 bits	0001	9999	10
Microsoft SQL Server	524,272 TB (32 767 files × 16 TB max file size) 16ZB per instance	524,272 TB	8,060 bytes / 2 TB6	1,024 / 30,000(with sparse columns)	2 GB / Unlimited (using RBS/FILESTREAM object)	2 GB6	126 bits2	0001	9999	128
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	4 GB	4 GB	8,060 bytes	1024	2 GB	4000	154 bits	0001	9999	128
Mimer SQL	Unlimited	Unlimited	16000 (+lob data)	252	Unlimited	15000	45 digits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
MonetDB	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	2 GB	2 GB	128 bits	-4712-01-01	9999-12-31	1024
MySQL	Unlimited	MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB	64 KB3	4,0964	4 GB (longtext, longblob)	64 KB (text)	64 bits	1000	9999	64
OpenLink Virtuoso	32 TB per instance (Unlimited via elastic cluster)	DB size (or 32 TB)	4 KB	200	2 GB	2 GB	231	0	9999	100
Oracle	Template:Val (with standard 8k block) Template:Val (with max 32k block) Template:Val (with max 32k block and BIGFILE option)	4 GB × block size (with BIGFILE tablespace)	8 KB	1,000	128 TB	32,767 B11	126 bits	−4712	9999	128
	Max DB size	Max table size	Max row size	Max columns per row	Max Blob/Clob size	Max CHAR size	Max NUMBER size	Min DATE value	Max DATE value	Max column name size
Actian Zen (PSQL)	4 billion objects	256 GB	2 GB	1,536	2 GB	8,000 bytes	64 bits	01-01-0001	12-31-9999	128 bytes
Polyhedra	Limited by available RAM, address space	232 rows	Unlimited	65,536	4 GB (subject to RAM)	4 GB (subject to RAM)	64 bits	0001-01-01	8000-12-31	255
PostgreSQL<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Unlimited	32 TB	1.6 TB	250–1600 depending on type	1 GB (text, bytea) stored inline or 4 TB using pg_largeobject <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1 GB	Unlimited	−4,713 <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	5,874,897	63
SAP HANA	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
solidDB	256 TB	256 TB	32 KB + BLOB data	Limited by row size	4 GB	4 GB	64 bits	-32768-01-01	32767-12-31	254
SQL Anywhere<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	104 TB (13 files, each file up to 8 TB (32 KB pages))	Limited by file size	Limited by file size	45,000	2 GB	2 GB	64 bits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128 bytes
SQLite	128 TB (231 pages × 64 KB max page size)	Limited by file size	Limited by file size	32,767	2 GB	2 GB	64 bits	No DATE type9	No DATE type9	Unlimited
Teradata	Unlimited	Unlimited	64000 wo/lobs (64 GB w/lobs)	2,048	2 GB	64,000	38 digits	0001-01-01	9999-12-31	128
UniVerse	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited	Unlimited
	Max DB size	Max table size	Max row size	Max columns per row	Max Blob/Clob size	Max CHAR size	Max NUMBER size	Min DATE value	Max DATE value	Max column name size

• Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size >980 GB.<ref>

Template:Citation </ref> Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.

• Note (2): Limit is 10³⁸ using DECIMAL datatype.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding VARBINARY, VARCHAR, BLOB, or TEXT columns).<ref name = "MySQL column count limit">Template:Citation</ref>
• Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,017 columns.<ref name = "MySQL column count limit" />
• Note (6): Using VARCHAR (MAX) in SQL 2005 and later.<ref name = "SQL Server Row-Overflow Data Exceeding 8 KB">Template:Citation</ref>
• Note (7): When using a page size of 32 KB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.
• Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (2³¹) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per CHAR/VARCHAR.
• Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> which work for timestamps between 24 November 4714 B.C. and 1 November 5352.
• Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
• Note (11): Since version 12c. Earlier versions support up to Template:Val.
• Note (12): The Template:Val limit refers to the storage limit of a single Informix server instance beginning with v15.0. Informix v12.10 and later versions support using sharding techniques to distribute a table across multiple server instances. A distributed Informix database has no upper limit on table or database size.
• Note (13): Informix DECIMAL type supports up to 32 decimal digits of precision with a range of Template:10^ to Template:10^. Fixed and variable precision are supported.
• Note (14): The LONGLVARCHAR type supports strings up to 4TB.

Tables and views

Information about what tables and views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.

	Temporary table	Materialized view
4th Dimension	Template:Yes	Template:No
ADABAS	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Template:Yes1	Template:Yes – see precomputed result sets
Advantage Database Server	Template:Yes	Template:No (only common views)
Altibase	Template:Yes	Template:No (only common views)
Apache Derby	Template:Yes	Template:No
ClustrixDB	Template:Yes	Template:No
CUBRID	Template:Yes (only CTE)	Template:No (only common views)
IBM Db2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Empress Embedded Database	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
EXASolution	Template:Yes	Template:No
Firebird	Template:Yes	Template:No (only common views)
HSQLDB	Template:Yes	Template:No
H2	Template:Yes	Template:No (only common views)
Informix Dynamic Server	Template:Yes	Template:No2
Ingres	Template:Yes	Template:No
InterBase	Template:Yes	Template:No
Linter SQL RDBMS	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
LucidDB	Template:No	Template:No
MariaDB	Template:Yes	Template:No4
MaxDB	Template:Yes	Template:No
Microsoft Access (JET)	Template:No	Template:No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Microsoft SQL Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Template:Yes	Template:No
Mimer SQL	Template:No	Template:No
MonetDB	Template:Yes	Template:No (only common views)
MySQL	Template:Yes	Template:No4
Oracle	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Oracle Rdb	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Template:Yes	Template:No
Polyhedra DBMS	Template:No	Template:No (only common views)
PostgreSQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
SAP HANA	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
solidDB	Template:Yes	Template:No (only common views)
SQL Anywhere	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
SQLite	Template:Yes	Template:No
Superbase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Teradata	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
UniData	Template:Yes	Template:No
UniVerse	Template:Yes	Template:No
	Temporary table	Materialized view

• Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM's documentation to refer to a temporary table created to run the view's query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using stored procedures and triggers.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Indexes

Information about what indexes (other than basic B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.

	R-/R+ tree	Hash	Expression	Partial	Reverse	Bitmap	GiST	GIN	Full-text	Spatial	Forest of Trees Index	Duplicate index prevention
4th Dimension	Template:Dunno	Cluster	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
ADABAS	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Advantage Database Server	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Apache Derby	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
ClustrixDB	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:No
CUBRID	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref name="CUBRID 9.0 release">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="CUBRID 9.0 release"/>	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
IBM Db2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Empress Embedded Database	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
EXASolution	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Firebird	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
HSQLDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
H2	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Informix Dynamic Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes
Ingres	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
InterBase	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Linter SQL RDBMS10	Template:No	Template:Yes temporary indexes for equality joins	Template:Yes for some scalar functions like LOWER and UPPER	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref> Template:Citation </ref>	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes
LucidDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
MariaDB	Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only<ref name="SPATIAL INDEX">Template:Citation</ref>	MEMORY,<ref name="mdb_indices">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> InnoDB,5 tables only	PERSISTENT virtual columns only<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref name="mdb_ft">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only<ref name="SPATIAL INDEX"/>	Template:Dunno	Template:No
MaxDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Microsoft Access (JET)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Microsoft SQL Server	Spatial Indexes	Template:Yes4	Template:Yes3	Template:Yes	on Computed columns3	Bitmap filter index for Star Join Query	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Mimer SQL	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
MonetDB	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
MySQL	Spatial Indexes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	MEMORY, Cluster (NDB), InnoDB,5 tables only	Template:No<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	MyISAM tables<ref name="Bugs">Template:Citation</ref> and, since v5.6.4, InnoDB tables<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	MyISAM tables<ref name="Creating Spatial Indexes">Template:Citation</ref> and, since v5.7.5, InnoDB tables<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:No
OpenLink Virtuoso	Template:Yes	Cluster	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (Commercial only)	Template:No	Template:No
Oracle	Template:Yes 11	Cluster Tables	Template:Yes	Template:Yes 6	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Oracle Rdb	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Polyhedra DBMS	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:No
PostgreSQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes7	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	PostGIS<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:No	Template:No
SAP HANA	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
solidDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
SQL Anywhere	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes
SQLite	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	SpatiaLite<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:No
SQream DB	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
Teradata	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No
UniVerse	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes3	Template:Yes3	Template:Yes3	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes<ref>geospatial</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:No
	R-/R+ tree	Hash	Expression	Partial	Reverse	Bitmap	GiST	GIN	Full-text	Spatial	Forest of Trees Index	Duplicate index prevention

• Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.
• Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column<ref>Template:Citation</ref> (doesn't easily update) or by using an "Indexed View"<ref>Template:Citation</ref> (proper name not just any view works<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>).
• Note (4): Used for InMemory ColumnStore index, temporary hash index for hash join, Non/Cluster & fill factor.
• Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index<ref>Template:Citation</ref> entries as needed.
• Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the sql for the index to be used.
• Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.
• Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.
• Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option.
• Note (12): FOT or Forest of Trees indexes is a type of B-tree index consisting of multiple B-trees which reduces contention in multi-user environments.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Database capabilities

	Union	Intersect	Except	Inner joins	Outer joins	Inner selects	Merge joins	Blobs and clobs	Common table expressions	Windowing functions	Parallel query	System-versioned tables
4th Dimension	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
ADABAS	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
Advantage Database Server	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Altibase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Apache Derby	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
ClustrixDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
CUBRID	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref name="CUBRID 9.0 release"/>	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
IBM Db2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="system-versioning">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Empress Embedded Database	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
EXASolution	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
Firebird	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
HSQLDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref name="New Features in HyperSQL 2.2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes<ref name="New Features in HyperSQL 2.2"/>	Template:Dunno
H2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Informix Dynamic Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Dunno
Ingres	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Dunno
InterBase	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Linter SQL RDBMS	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
LucidDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
MariaDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref name="intersect_in_mariadb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="except_in_mariadb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref name="cte_in_mariadb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="mdb_window">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="system-versioning"/>
MaxDB	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Microsoft Access (JET)	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Microsoft SQL Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="system-versioning"/>
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Mimer SQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
MonetDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No
MySQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref name="intersect_in_mysql">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="except_in_mysql">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref name="bugs.mysql.com">Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:No<ref name="ReferenceA"/>	Template:No<ref name="system-versioning"/>
OpenLink Virtuoso	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
Oracle	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes 1	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Oracle Rdb	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Polyhedra DBMS	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
PostgreSQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:No<ref name="system-versioning"/>
SAP HANA	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
solidDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
SQL Anywhere	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
SQLite	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No	Template:No<ref name="system-versioning"/>
SQream DB	Template:Depends	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Teradata	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
UniVerse	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
	Union	Intersect	Except	Inner joins	Outer joins	Inner selects	Merge joins	Blobs and clobs	Common table expressions	Windowing functions	Parallel query	System-versioned tables

• Note (1): Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 supersedes similar construct called CONNECT BY.

Data types

	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other
4th Dimension	Static	Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono
Altibase<ref name="Altibase-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono		Template:Mono
ClustrixDB<ref name="mysql-datatypes"/>	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (24-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono,
CUBRID<ref name="CUBRID-datatypes">Template:CitationTemplate:Dead link</ref>	Static	Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono(32-bit), Template:Mono(64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono
IBM Db2	Template:Dunno	Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono
Empress Embedded Database	Static	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, or Template:Mono; Template:Mono, Template:Mono, or Template:Mono; Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, or Template:Mono; Template:Mono, Template:Mono, or Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, or Template:Mono; Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono, or Template:Mono; Template:Mono, or Template:Mono; Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, or Template:Mono; Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono or Template:Mono; Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono 32, Template:Mono
EXASolution	Static	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono,	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:N/A	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono
FileMaker<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Static	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:N/A
Firebird<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Dunno	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono(38, 4), Template:Mono(10, 4)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono (without time zone and with time zone)	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono(38), User defined types (Domains)
	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other
HSQLDB<ref name="hsqldb-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono (object), Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono
Informix Dynamic Server<ref name="informix-datatypes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Static + Template:Mono	Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit proprietary), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32 decimal digits float/fixed, range Template:10^ to +Template:10^), Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono
Ingres<ref name="ingres-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono	C, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono (Template:Mono)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:N/A	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono-Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono (via Template:Mono)
Linter SQL RDBMS	Static + Dynamic (in stored procedures)	Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono(32-bit), Template:Mono(64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono
MariaDB<ref name="mdb_data_types">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (24-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono) (64-bit)	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono) = synonym for Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)
Microsoft SQL Server<ref name="sql-server-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Geometry, Geography, Custom .NET datatypes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)<ref name="sqlce-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono
Mimer SQL	Static	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (including the pre-defined spatial data types location, latitude, longitude and coordinate, and Template:Mono)
MonetDB	Static, extensible	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono data types (Template:Mono), User Defined Types
MySQL<ref name="mysql-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (24-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono) (64-bit)	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono) = synonym for Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)
OpenLink Virtuoso<ref name="Virtuoso-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static + Dynamic	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:N/A	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (Template:Mono, Template:Mono), Template:Mono (User Defined Type), Template:Mono (Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono)
	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other
Oracle<ref name="oracle-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static + Dynamic (through Template:Mono)	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono (deprecated)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono (deprecated), Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (with/without Template:Mono Template:Mono), Template:Mono	Template:N/A	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, XMLType, Template:Mono, Template:Mono
Actian Zen (PSQL)<ref name="psql-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono
Polyhedra<ref> Template:Citation </ref>	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono(16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono; 64-bit)	Template:N/A	Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono)	Template:Mono Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono)	Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:N/A
PostgreSQL<ref name="postgresql-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (with/without Template:Mono Template:Mono), Template:Mono (with/without Template:Mono Template:Mono), Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, arrays, composites, ranges, custom
SAP HANA	Static	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono
solidDB	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (51 digits)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono
SQLite<ref name="sqlite-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Dynamic	Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono, Template:Mono) (64-bit)	Template:N/A	Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono, Template:Mono)	Template:Mono	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A
SQream DB<ref name="sqreamdb-datatypes">Template:Citation</ref>	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono) (64-bit)	Template:N/A	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:N/A	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (aka Template:Mono)	Template:Mono	Template:N/A
	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other
Teradata	Static	Template:Mono (8-bit), Template:Mono (16-bit), Template:Mono (32-bit), Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono (64-bit)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono (38 digits)	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono	Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono (w/wo Template:Mono Template:Mono)		Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono, Template:Mono (User Defined Type)
UniData	Dynamic	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A
UniVerse	Dynamic	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A	Template:N/A
	Type system	Integer	Floating point	Decimal	String	Binary	Date/Time	Boolean	Other

Other objects

Information about what other objects are supported natively.

	Data domain	Cursor	Trigger	Function1	Procedure1	External routine1
4th Dimension	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
ADABAS	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes?	Template:Yes?	Template:Yes
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Advantage Database Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Altibase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Apache Derby	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes2
ClustrixDB	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
CUBRID	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes
Empress Embedded Database	Template:Yes via RANGE CHECK	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
EXASolution	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
IBM Db2	Template:Yes via CHECK CONSTRAINT	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Firebird	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
HSQLDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
H2	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes
Informix Dynamic Server	Template:Yes via CHECK	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes 5
Ingres	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
InterBase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No
LucidDB	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes2	Template:Yes2
MariaDB	Template:Yes<ref name="constraint_in_mariadb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
MaxDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
Microsoft Access (JET)	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Depends	Template:Yes
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Microsoft SQL Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
Mimer SQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No
MonetDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
MySQL	Template:No 3	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Oracle	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Oracle Rdb	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No
Polyhedra DBMS	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
PostgreSQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
SAP HANA	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
solidDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
SQL Anywhere	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
SQLite	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes
Teradata	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
UniData	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
UniVerse	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	Data domain	Cursor	Trigger	Function1	Procedure1	External routine1

• Note (1): Both function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types. However, its definition varies between different database vendors.
• Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code functions and procedures in Java.
• Note (3): ENUM datatype exists. CHECK clause is parsed, but not enforced in runtime.
• Note (5): Informix supports external functions written in Java, C, & C++.

Partitioning

Information about what partitioning methods are supported natively.

	Range	Hash	Composite (Range+Hash)	List	Expression	Round Robin
4th Dimension	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
ADABAS	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Advantage Database Server	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Altibase	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Apache Derby	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
ClustrixDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
CUBRID	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
IBM Db2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
Empress Embedded Database	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
EXASolution	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Firebird	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
HSQLDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
H2	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Informix Dynamic Server	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
Ingres	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
InterBase	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Linter SQL RDBMS	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
MariaDB	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
MaxDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Microsoft Access (JET)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Microsoft Visual Foxpro	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Microsoft SQL Server	Template:Yes	Template:Partial	Template:Partial	Template:Yes	Template:Partial	Template:Dunno
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Mimer SQL	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
MonetDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
MySQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Oracle	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
Oracle Rdb	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
OpenLink Virtuoso	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Polyhedra DBMS	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
PostgreSQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
SAP HANA	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
solidDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
SQL Anywhere	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
SQLite	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Teradata	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
UniVerse	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
	Range	Hash	Composite (Range+Hash)	List	Expression	Round Robin

Access control

Information about access control functionalities. Template:Sort-under

	Native network encryption1	Brute-force protection	Enterprise directory compatibility	Password complexity rules2	Patch access3	Run unprivileged4	Audit	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth
4D	Template:Yes (with SSL)	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Adaptive Server Enterprise	Template:Yes (optional; to pay)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (optional ?)	Template:Yes	Template:Partial (need to register; depend on which product)<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (EAL4+ 1)	Template:Dunno
Advantage Database Server	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
CUBRID	Template:Yes (with SSL)	Template:Dunno	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
IBM Db2	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...)	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (EAL4+6)	Template:Dunno
Empress Embedded Database	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno
EXASolution	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (LDAP)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Firebird	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes (Windows trusted authenification)	Template:Yes (by custom plugin)	Template:Yes (no security page)<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:No7	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
HSQLDB	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno
H2	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Informix Dynamic Server	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes10	Template:Dunno10	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS	Template:Yes (with SSL)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (length only)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
MariaDB	Template:Yes (SSL)	Template:No	Template:Yes (with 5.2, but not on Windows servers)	Template:Yes<ref name="mdb_cpc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mdb_spc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes<ref name="mdb_security">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno8	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Microsoft SQL Server	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes (Microsoft Active Directory)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (From 2008)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (EAL4+11)	Template:Dunno
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)	Template:No (not relevant, only file permissions)	Template:No (not relevant)	Template:No (not relevant)	Template:No (not relevant)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (file access)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
Mimer SQL	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (depending on OS)	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes
MySQL	Template:Yes (SSL with 4.0)	Template:No	Template:Yes (with 5.5, but only in commercial edition)	Template:No	Template:Partial (no security page)<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno8	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno
OpenLink Virtuoso	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (optional)	Template:Yes (optional)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (optional)	Template:Yes (optional)	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes (optional)
Oracle	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (EAL21)	Template:Dunno
Actian Zen (PSQL)	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes 12	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Polyhedra DBMS	Template:Yes (with SSL. Optional)	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes 13	Template:Yes	Template:Yes 13	Template:No	Template:Dunno
PostgreSQL	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...9)	Template:Yes (with passwordcheck module)	Template:Yes<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (with pgaudit extension)<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (EAL2+1)	Template:Dunno
SAP HANA	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno	Template:Dunno
solidDB	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No	Template:No
SQL Anywhere	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes (Kerberos)	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes	Template:Yes (EAL2+1 as Adaptive Server Anywhere)	Template:Dunno
SQLite	Template:No (not relevant, only file permissions)	Template:No (not relevant)	Template:No (not relevant)	Template:No (not relevant)	Template:Partial (no security page)<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Yes (file access)	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Dunno
Teradata	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...)	Template:Yes	Template:Dunno	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
	Native network encryption1	Brute-force protection	Enterprise directory compatibility	Password complexity rules2	Patch access3	Run unprivileged4	Audit	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth

• Note (1): Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text, in general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.
• Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.
• Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
• Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration?
• Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
• Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list.<ref>

Template:Citation </ref>

• Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator.
• Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install.<ref>

Template:Citation </ref>

• Note (9): Authentication methods.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.
• Note (11): Authentication methods.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• Note (12): With the use of Pervasive AuditMaster.
• Note (13): User-based security is optional in Polyhedra, but when enabled can be enhanced to a role-based model with auditing.<ref name="Polyhedra-audit">Template:Citation</ref>

Databases vs schemas (terminology)

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} The SQL specification defines what an "SQL schema" is; however, databases implement it differently. To compound this confusion the functionality can overlap with that of a parent database. An SQL schema is simply a namespace within a database; things within this namespace are addressed using the member operator dot "Template:Char". This seems to be a universal among all of the implementations.

A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such: <syntaxhighlight lang="sql" class="" style="" inline="1">SELECT * FROM database.schema.table</syntaxhighlight>

Both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo", from another like-named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:

• <syntaxhighlight lang="sql" class="" style="" inline="1">SELECT * FROM database1.foo</syntaxhighlight> vs. <syntaxhighlight lang="sql" class="" style="" inline="1">SELECT * FROM database2.foo</syntaxhighlight> (no explicit schema between database and table)
• <syntaxhighlight lang="sql" class="" style="" inline="1">SELECT * FROM [database1.]default.foo</syntaxhighlight> vs. <syntaxhighlight lang="sql" class="" style="" inline="1">SELECT * FROM [database1.]alternate.foo</syntaxhighlight> (no explicit database prefix)

The problem that arises is that former MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to PostgreSQL-schemas, insomuch as PostgreSQL deliberately lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality (preferring multi-tenancy) that MySQL has. Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.

MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">CREATE SCHEMA</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">CREATE DATABASE</syntaxhighlight> are analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-database functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a database. In summary, PostgreSQL fully supports schemas and multi-tenancy by strictly separating databases from each other and thus lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support standard schemas.

Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the 'shared-everything' Oracle RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different servers. In the Oracle implementation, a 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.

Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance like MySQL. It supports the <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">CREATE SCHEMA</syntaxhighlight> syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.

PostgreSQL and some other databases have support for foreign schemas, which is the ability to import schemas from other servers as defined in ISO/IEC 9075-9 (published as part of SQL:2008). This appears like any other schema in the database according to the SQL specification while accessing data stored either in a different database or a different server instance. The import can be made either as an entire foreign schema or merely certain tables belonging to that foreign schema.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While support for ISO/IEC 9075-9 bridges the gap between the two competing philosophies surrounding schemas, MySQL and Informix maintain an implicit association between databases while ISO/IEC 9075-9 requires that any such linkages be explicit in nature.

See also

• Relational database management system (includes market share data)
• List of relational database management systems
• Comparison of object–relational database management systems
• Comparison of database administration tools
• Object database – some of which have relational (SQL/ODBC) interfaces.
• IBM Business System 12 – an historical RDBMS and related query language.

External links

• Comparison of different SQL implementations against SQL standards. Includes Oracle, Db2, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL. (8 June 2007)
• The SQL92 standard
• DMBS comparison by SQL Workbench