Conservation in Australia

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Template:Wildlife of Australia Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with a large portion of species endemic to Australia. Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations. 25% of Australia is managed for conservation.<ref name="pcia">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Animal habitats like reefs and forests must be preserved in order to preserve the population and diversity of animal species. Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be taken, and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions.

According to Janine Benyus, the potential for advances in biomimicry in Australia is great because the extreme weather and conditions found here provide an excellent evolutionary incubator. Research on natural processes can only occur if the habitat is preserved and organisms continue to thrive.

File:Daintree National Park.jpg

Rainforests such as the Daintree have immeasurable value.

Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks; a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation.

Conservation issuesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Further A key conservation issue is the preservation of biodiversity, especially by protecting the remaining rainforests. The destruction of habitat by human activities, including land clearing, remains the major cause of biodiversity loss in Australia. The importance of the Australian rainforests to the conservation movement is very high.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Australia is the only western country to have large areas of rainforest intact.<ref>Our Rainforests and the issues by Beryl Morris, Tondy Sadler and Graham N. Harrington. 1992. CSIRO. Template:ISBN</ref> Forests provide timber, drugs, and food and should be managed to maximize the possible uses. Currently, there are a number of environmental movements and campaigners advocating for action on saving the environment, one such campaign is the Big Switch.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Land management issues including clearance of native vegetation, reafforestation of once-cleared areas, control of exotic weeds and pests, expansion of dryland salinity, and changed fire regimes. Intensification of resource use in sectors such as forestry, fisheries, and agriculture are widely reported to contribute to biodiversity loss in Australia. Habitat fragmentation is one of the most important factors affecting the persistence of species.<ref name="pcia"/> Coastal and marine environments also have reduced biodiversity from reduced water quality caused by pollution and sediments arising from human settlements and agriculture. In central New South Wales where there are large plains of grassland, problems have arisen from—unusual to say—lack of land clearing.

Shark culling (the killing of sharks) currently occurs in New South Wales and Queensland (in government "shark control" programs).<ref name="AusCull">https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102324/https://www.marineconservation.org.au/pages/shark-culling.html "Shark Culling". marineconservation.org.au. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved December 26, 2018.</ref> These programs have damaged the marine ecosystem.<ref name="AusCull"/> Roughly 50,000 sharks have been killed by Queensland authorities since 1962, including in the Great Barrier Reef.<ref>https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/aussie-shark-population-is-staggering-decline/news-story/49e910c828b6e2b735d1c68e6b2c956e Aussie shark population in staggering decline. Rhian Deutrom. December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.</ref><ref name="maritime">https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/queensland-government-kills-sharks-faces-court-challenge "Queensland Government Kills Sharks, Faces Court Challenge". maritime-executive.com. September 4, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.</ref> Queensland's "shark control" program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective".<ref name="maritime"/> The "shark control" programs in New South Wales and Queensland have killed thousands of animals, such as turtles and dolphins.<ref name="AusCull"/><ref>http://www.afd.org.au/news-articles/queenslands-shark-control-program-has-snagged-84000-animals Action for Dolphins. Queensland’s Shark Control Program Has Snagged 84,000 Animals. Thom Mitchell. November 20, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2018.</ref> In 2018, the Humane Society International filed a lawsuit against the government of Queensland to stop shark culling in the Great Barrier Reef.<ref name="maritime"/>

The protection of the iconic Wollemi Pine is an important conservation issue because the tree is one of the rarest in the world.<ref name="eac">Template:Cite journal</ref> There are only 46 mature individual trees remaining in the wild.<ref name="eac"/> The small grove of unusual conifers in a remote canyon are threatened due to its highly restricted distribution, extremely small population size, the ongoing impacts from exotic pathogens, inappropriate fire regimes, unauthorized site visitation and climate change.<ref name="eac"/>

Specific issues:

Legal frameworkEdit

Conservation of the natural environment in Australia is derived from five different sources of law, namely international law, federal law, State law and local government law as well as the application of the common law.

International environmental lawEdit

International agreements that affect conservation policy in Australia.

Entry in force	Title, date, place of agreement
1948	International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 1946, Washington
1961	Antarctic Treaty, 1959, Washington
1975	Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971, Ramsar
1975	Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972, Paris
1975	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973, Washington
1982	Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources, 1980, Canberra
1983	Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979, Bonn
1985	International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983, Geneva
1993	Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, Rio de Janeiro, leading to Australia's Biodiversity Action Plan
1993	United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa, 1994, Paris
1994	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, Montego Bay
1994	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, New York

Federal lawEdit

The primary federal law is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), usually referred to as the EPBC Act.<ref name="pcia"/>

Protected areasEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} There are numerous protected areas in all States and Territories that have been created to protect and preserve Australia's unique ecosystems. Protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands which are registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Sites. Template:As of, 10.8% (Template:Cvt) of the total land area of Australia is within a protected area.<ref name="capas2002">Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type Template:Webarchive
</ref> Protected marine zones have been created in many areas to preserve marine biodiversity; as of 2002 they cover about 7% (Template:Cvt) of Australia's marine jurisdiction.<ref name="nrsmpa">Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) Template:Webarchive</ref> In Australia forest cover is around 17% of the total land area, equivalent to 134,005,100 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 133,882,200 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 131,614,800 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 2,390,300 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 18% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 67% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership, 32% private ownership and 1% with ownership listed as other or unknown.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Hopetoun falls.jpg

Hopetoun Falls and other unique wilderness areas are protected within reserves and parks.

Protected areas of include those managed by the federal Department of the Environment and Energy, and national parks and other protected areas managed by the states, Agencies responsible for protected areas include: