Cotinga

The cotingas are a large family, Cotingidae, of suboscine passerine birds found in Central America and tropical South America. Cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges, that are primary frugivorous. They all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings, and strong legs. They range in size from Template:Cvt of the fiery-throated fruiteater (Pipreola chlorolepidota) up to Template:Cvt of the Amazonian umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Description

Cotingas vary widely in social structure. There is a roughly 50/50 divide in the family between species with biparental care, and those in which the males play no part in raising the young.<ref>Template:Cite journal Supplementary Material.</ref> The purple-throated fruitcrow lives in mixed-sex groups in which one female lays an egg and the others help provide insects to the chick.<ref name=PS/>

In cotinga species where only the females care for the eggs and young, the males have striking courtship displays, often grouped together in leks. Such sexual selection results in the males of these species, including the Guianan cock-of-the-rock, being brightly coloured, or decorated with plumes or wattles, like the umbrellabirds, with their umbrella-like crest and long throat wattles. Other lekking cotingids like the bellbirds and screaming piha, have distinctive and far-carrying calls. In such canopy-dwelling genera as Carpodectes, Cotinga, and Xipholena, males gather high in a single tree or in adjacent trees, but male cocks-of-the-rock, as befits their more terrestrial lives, give their elaborate displays in leks on the ground.<ref name=PS>Template:Cite book</ref>

The females of both lekking and biparental species are duller than the males.

Breeding

Nests range from tiny to very large. Many species lay a single egg in a nest so flimsy that the egg can be seen from underneath. This may make the nests hard for predators to find. Fruiteaters build more solid cup nests, and the cocks-of-the-rock attach their mud nests to cliffs.<ref name=PS/> The nests may be open cups or little platforms with loosely woven plant material, usually placed in a tree. The clutches comprise one to four eggs. Incubation typically takes 15–28 days. Fledging usually occurs at 28–33 days.

Habitat

Deserts, open woodlands, coastal mangroves, and humid tropical forests comprise their habitats. Cotingas face very serious threats from the loss of their habitats.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Taxonomy and systematics

The family Cotingidae was introduced by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1849.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to the International Ornithological Committee, as of July 2021, the family contains 66 species divided into 24 genera.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A 2014 molecular phylogenetic study of the cotingas by Jacob Berv and Richard Prum found that the genera formed five monophyletic clades and they proposed that the family could be divided into five subfamilies.<ref name=berv>Template:Cite journal</ref> The following cladogram is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators published in 2020.<ref>Template:Cite journal A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.</ref> Template:Clade The genus Tijuca was found to be embedded in Lipaugus, a position that was confirmed by a more detailed 2020 study.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Image	Genus	Living species
File:Ampelioides tschudii (Frutero escamado) (24) (14148007464).jpg	Ampelioides Template:Small	Scaled fruiteater, Ampelioides tschudii
File:Pipreola frontalis squamipectus.jpg	Pipreola Template:Small	Fiery-throated fruiteater, Pipreola chlorolepidota Scarlet-breasted fruiteater, Pipreola frontalis Handsome fruiteater, Pipreola formosa Red-banded fruiteater, Pipreola whitelyi Black-chested fruiteater, Pipreola lubomirskii Orange-breasted fruiteater, Pipreola jucunda Masked fruiteater, Pipreola pulchra Golden-breasted fruiteater, Pipreola aureopectus Barred fruiteater, Pipreola arcuata Band-tailed fruiteater, Pipreola intermedia Green-and-black fruiteater, Pipreola riefferii
File:Olivaceous Piha - Colombia S4E3368 (16835513815).jpg	Snowornis Template:Small	Grey-tailed piha, Snowornis subalaris Olivaceous piha, Snowornis cryptolophus
File:Hooded berryeater (Carpornis cucullata).jpg	Carpornis Template:Small	Hooded berryeater, Carpornis cucullata Black-headed berryeater, Carpornis melanocephala
File:Rupicola peruviana (male) -San Diego Zoo-8a.jpg	Rupicola Template:Small	Andean cock-of-the-rock, Rupicola peruvianus Guianan cock-of-the-rock, Rupicola rupicola
File:Phoenicircus carnifex - Guianan red cotinga (male) 01.JPG	Phoenicircus Template:Small	Guianan red cotinga, Phoenicircus carnifex Black-necked red cotinga, Phoenicircus nigricollis
File:Zaratornis stresemanni - White-cheeked Cotinga.jpg	Zaratornis Template:Small	White-cheeked cotinga, Zaratornis stresemanni
File:White-tipped Plantcutter (Phytotoma rutila).jpg	Phytotoma Template:Small	Rufous-tailed plantcutter or Chilean plantcutter, Phytotoma rara Peruvian plantcutter, Phytotoma raimondii White-tipped plantcutter or reddish plantcutter, Phytotoma rutila
File:Swallow-tailed Cotinga (Phibalura flavirostris).jpeg	Phibalura Template:Small	Swallow-tailed cotinga, Phibalura flavirostris
File:Doliornis remseni 262570674.jpg	Doliornis Template:Small	Bay-vented cotinga, Doliornis sclateri Chestnut-bellied cotinga, Doliornis remseni
File:Red-crested Cotinga - EcuadorDSCN2925.jpg	Ampelion Template:Small	Red-crested cotinga, Ampelion rubrocristatus Chestnut-crested cotinga, Ampelion rufaxilla
	Haematoderus Template:Small	Crimson fruitcrow, Haematoderus militaris
File:Purple-throated Fruitcrow RWD.jpg	Querula Template:Small	Purple-throated fruitcrow, Querula purpurata
File:Pavó no Parque Estaudal Intervales.jpg	Pyroderus Template:Small	Red-ruffed fruitcrow, Pyroderus scutatus
File:Cephalopterus glabricollis.jpg	Cephalopterus Template:Small	Bare-necked umbrellabird, Cephalopterus glabricollis Long-wattled umbrellabird, Cephalopterus penduliger Amazonian umbrellabird, Cephalopterus ornatus
File:Capuchinbird - Perissocephalus tricolor.jpg	Perissocephalus Template:Small	Capuchinbird, Perissocephalus tricolor
File:TROPEIRO-DA-SERRA (Lipaugus lanioides) (13868684655).jpg	Lipaugus Template:Small	Rufous piha, Lipaugus unirufus Cinnamon-vented piha, Lipaugus lanioides Rose-collared piha, Lipaugus streptophorus Screaming piha, Lipaugus vociferans Dusky piha, Lipaugus fuscocinereus Scimitar-winged piha, Lipaugus uropygialis Chestnut-capped piha, Lipaugus weberi Black-and-gold cotinga, Lipaugus ater Grey-winged cotinga, Lipaugus conditus
File:Procnias averano.jpg	Procnias Template:Small	White bellbird, Procnias albus Three-wattled bellbird, Procnias tricarunculatus Bare-throated bellbird, Procnias nudicollis Bearded bellbird, Procnias averano
File:SpangledCotinga.jpg	Cotinga Template:Small	Plum-throated cotinga, Cotinga maynana Spangled cotinga, Cotinga cayana Lovely cotinga, Cotinga amabilis Blue cotinga, Cotinga nattererii Turquoise cotinga, Cotinga ridgwayi Banded cotinga, Cotinga maculata Purple-breasted cotinga, Cotinga cotinga
File:Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema - Purple-throated cotinga (female).JPG	Porphyrolaema Template:Small	Purple-throated cotinga, Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema
File:Conioptilon mcilhennyi - Black-faced cotinga.jpg	Conioptilon Template:Small	Black-faced cotinga, Conioptilon mcilhennyi
File:Gymnoderus foetidus - Bare-necked Fruitcrow.JPG	Gymnoderus Template:Small	Bare-necked fruitcrow, Gymnoderus foetidus
File:Xipholena punicea -Miami Metrozoo -male-8a.jpg	Xipholena Template:Small	Pompadour cotinga, Xipholena punicea White-tailed cotinga, Xipholena lamellipennis White-winged cotinga, Xipholena atropurpurea
File:Snowy Cotinga - Sarapiqui - Costa Rica S4E1046 (26584977742).jpg	Carpodectes Template:Small	Black-tipped cotinga, Carpodectes hopkei Yellow-billed cotinga, Carpodectes antoniae Snowy cotinga, Carpodectes nitidus

A number of species previously placed in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (genera Laniisoma, Laniocera and Iodopleura)<ref>Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Template:Webarchive American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.</ref>

Further reading

• Snow, D.W. (1976). "The relationship between climate and annual cycles in the Cotingidae." Ibis 118(3):366-401
• Snow, D.W. (1982). The Cotingas: Bellbirds, Umbrella birds and their allies. British Museum Press. Template:ISBN

External links

• Cotinga videos on the Internet Bird Collection