Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Pp-extended Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox organization Żegota ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, full codename: the "Konrad Żegota Committee"<ref name="scity">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shoa">Yad Vashem Shoa Resource Center, Zegota</ref>) was the Polish Council to Aid Jews with the Government Delegation for Poland (Template:Langx), an underground Polish resistance organization, and part of the Polish Underground State, active 1942–45 in German-occupied Poland.<ref>Władysław Bartoszewski: środowisko naturalne korzenie Michal Komar, Wladyslaw Bartoszewski Świat Ksia̜żki, page 238, 210</ref> Żegota was the successor institution to the Provisional Committee to Aid Jews and was established specifically to save Jews.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Poland was the only country in German-occupied Europe where such a government-established and -supported underground organization existed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Estimates of the number of Jews that Żegota provided aid to, and eventually saved, range from several thousands to tens of thousands.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Piotrowski118">Template:Cite book</ref>
Operatives of Żegota worked in extreme circumstances – under threat of death by the Nazi forces.<ref name=":1" />
OriginsEdit
The Council to Aid Jews, or Żegota, was the continuation of an earlier aid organization, the Provisional Committee to Aid Jews ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), that was founded on 27 September 1942 by Polish Catholic activists Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz ("Alinka").<ref name=":1" /> The Provisional Committee cared for as many as 180 people, but due to political and financial reasons it was dissolved and replaced by Żegota on 4 December 1942.<ref name="Shoa"/> One of the co-founders of Żegota was Henryk Woliński of the Home Army ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) who helped integrate it with the Polish Underground State.<ref name="Ney-Krwawicz1999">Template:Cite book</ref> Woliński is also credited with developing the idea for this organization.<ref name=":1" />
Kossak-Szczucka initially wanted Żegota to become an example of a "pure Christian charity", arguing that Jews had their own international charity organizations.Template:Clarify Nevertheless, Żegota was run by both Jews and non-Jews from a wide range of political movements.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Julian Grobelny, an activist in the prewar Polish Socialist Party, was elected as General Secretary, and Ferdynand Arczyński – a member of the Polish Democratic Party – as treasurer. Adolf Berman and Leon Feiner represented the Jewish National Committee (an umbrella group representing the Zionist parties) and the Marxist General Jewish Labour Bund. Both parties operated independently, channeling funds donated by Jewish organizations abroad to Żegota and other underground operations. Other members included the Polish Socialist Party, the Democratic Party ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and the Catholic Front for the Rebirth of Poland ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) led by Kossak-Szczucka and Witold Bieńkowski, editors of its underground publications.<ref name="Alvis">Template:Cite book</ref> The right-wing National Party ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) refused to take part in the organization.Template:Citation needed
OperationsEdit
Żegota had specialized departments for issues such as clothing, children's welfare, medical care, housing and other relevant issues.<ref name=":1" /> It had around one hundred cells that provided food, medical care, money, and false identification documents to thousands of Polish Jews hiding in the "Aryan" side of the German occupation zone.<ref name=":1" /> Creation and distribution of false documents has been described as one of the organization's major tasks, and it is estimated to have produced up to a hundred sets of false identities for Jewish refugees.<ref name=":1" /> Another estimate credits Żegota with forging about 50,000 documents such as marriage certificates, baptismal records, death certificates and employment cards to help Jews pass off as Christians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In forging documents, Żegota cooperated with the Home Army, which often provided facilities for forging German identification papers.<ref>Żydzi w Polsce: dzieje i kultura : leksykon Jerzy Tomaszewski, Andrzej Żbikowski Wydawnictwo Cyklady, 2001, page 552</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, volumes 3–4 Israel Gutman Macmillan Library Reference USA, page 1730</ref>
The organization headquarters was located in Warsaw at 24 Template:Ill.<ref name=":1" /> Żegota was active chiefly in Warsaw,Template:Citation needed but it also provided money, food, and medicines for prisoners in several forced-labor camps, as well as to refugees in Kraków, Wilno (Vilnius), and Lwów (L'viv).<ref name=":1" /> Żegota's activities overlapped to a considerable extent with those of the other major organizations dedicated to helping Jews in Poland – namely the Jewish National Committee, which cared for some 5,600 Jews; and the Bund, which cared for an additional 1,500. Together, the three organizations were able to reach some 8,500 of the 28,000 Jews hiding in Warsaw, and perhaps another 1,000 hiding elsewhere in Poland. Template:Citation needed
Żegota's children's section in Warsaw, headed by a Polish social worker Irena Sendler, cared for 2,500 Jewish children. Many were placed with foster families, in public orphanages, church orphanages, and convents.<ref name=":1" />
Żegota repeatedly asked the Polish Government-in-Exile and the Government Delegation for Poland to appeal to the Polish people to help the persecuted Jews.<ref name="Shoa"/> The Government in Exile gradually increased its funding for Żegota throughout the war.<ref>Zagłada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej: 1945–1947 – page 129 Aleksander Gella – 1998</ref><ref>https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota "Żegota" in Kraków Established 75 Years Ago Mateusz Szczepaniak / English translation: Andrew Rajcher, 14 March 2018 POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</ref>
Richard C. Lukas estimated that 60,000, or about half of the Jews who survived the Holocaust in occupied Poland (such estimates vary), were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.<ref name="Piotrowski118" /> Czesław Łuczak estimates the number of aid recipients at about 30,000.<ref name="Piotrowski118" /> Paul R. Bartrop estimated that Żegota helped to save about 4,000 Jews and provided assistance to about 25,000 in total.<ref name=":1" />
ChallengesEdit
Under the German occupation, hiding or assisting Jewish refugees was punishable by death.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, it was no less dangerous due to the risk posed by fellow Poles, some of whom did not see kindly lending help for Jews.<ref name="Winstone 2014" /> Irena Sendler is quoted as saying "during [the war] it was simpler to hide a tank under the carpet than shelter a Jewish child."<ref name="Michman 2018">Template:Cite press release</ref>
According to Richard C. Lukas, "The number of Poles who perished at the hands of the Germans for aiding Jews" is difficult to establish, with estimates ranging from several thousand to as high as fifty thousand.<ref name="Lukas">Richard C. Lukas, Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust University Press of Kentucky, 1989; 201 pp.; p. 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944, University Press of Kentucky, 1986; 300 pp.</ref> Paul R. Bartrop estimated that about 20,000 Żegota operatives were killed by the Nazis, and thousands of others were arrested and imprisoned.<ref name=":1" />
Financial situationEdit
The Polish Government-in-Exile, based in London, faced immense difficulties funding its institutions in German-occupied Poland; this affected funding for Żegota as well. Part of the funds had to be sent in via highly inefficient airdrops (only some 17% of which succeeded) and some could only be delivered late in the war.<ref name="WGrabowski 2010">Waldemar Grabowski, "Rada Pomocy Żydom »Żegota« w strukturach Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego" ("Żegota within the Structures of the Polish Underground State"), Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance), no. 11 (120), November 2010, IPN, pp 50–51.</ref>
Despite these difficulties, throughout the war, the Polish Government-in-Exile continually increased its funding for Żegota: the Polish Government's monthly support was increased from 30,000 zlotys to zl 338,000 in May 1944, and to zl 1,000,000 by war's end. The Polish Government's overall financial contribution to Żegota and Jewish organizations came to zl 37,400,000, US$1,000,000, and SFr 200,000 (see financial details below).<ref>Aleksander Gella, Zagłada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej: 1945–1947 (The Demise of the Polish Second Republic: 1945–1947), 1998, p. 129.</ref><ref name="sprawiedliwi.org.pl">https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota ("Żegota Was Established in Kraków 75 Years Ago").</ref><ref name="Polacy 1999, p. 58">Stefan Korboński, Polacy, Żydzi i Holocaust (The Poles, the Jews, and the Holocaust), 1999, p. 58.</ref> According to Marcin Urynowicz, the percentage of the funds allocated by the Polish Government-in-Exile to help Jews, including through Żegota, was based on their percentage in Poland's prewar general population.<ref>Marcin Urynowicz, “Zorganizowana i indywidualna pomoc Polaków dla ludności żydowskiej eksterminowanej przez okupanta niemieckiego w okresie drugiej wojny światowej” ("Poles' Organized and Individual Help to the Jewish Population Being Exterminated by the Occupying Germans during World War II"), in Andrzej Żbikowski, ed., Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945 (Poles and Jews under the German Occupation, 1939–1945), Warsaw, IPN, 2006, p. 225–26.</ref>
Antony Polonsky writes that "Zegota's successes—it was able to forge false documents for some 50,000 persons—suggest that, had it been given a higher priority by the Delegatura and the government in London, it could have done much more." Polonsky quotes Władysław Bartoszewski as saying that the organization was considered a "stepchild" of the underground; and Emanuel Ringelblum, who wrote that "a Council for Aid to the Jews was formed, consisting of people of good will, but its activity was limited by lack of funds and lack of help from the government."<ref name="Polonsky 2004">Template:Cite book</ref> A similar description is given by historian Martin Winstone, who writes that Żegota fought an uphill battle for funding and received more support from Jewish organizations than from the Polish Government-in-Exile. He also notes that the Polish right-wing parties completely refused to support it.<ref name="Winstone 2014">Template:Cite book</ref> Shmuel Krakowski described the funding as "modest", and writes that the Polish government could have allocated more to funding the organization. He writes that "[the funding] was indeed very little considering not only the needs of the council and the immensity of the Jewish tragedy but also the resources at the Polish underground's disposal... they could have been much more generous in allocating resources needed to save human lives."<ref name="Krakowski 2003">Template:Cite book</ref>
Joseph Kermish describes the relationship between Żegota and the Government Delegation for Poland as strained, with frequent disagreements about funding and the extent of the humanitarian crisis Żegota was trying to address.<ref name="Kermish 1977">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
It has been estimated that the cost of saving one Jewish life was around 6,000–15,000 Polish zloties.<ref name=":1" />
| Allocated to | Date | Sum | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Żegota | May 1943 – Feb. 1944 | 6,250,000 zł | total | <ref name=":0" /> |
| Jan. 1943 – May 1944 | 11,250,000 zł | total | According to Witold Bieńkowski<ref name=":0" /> | |
| Before May 1944 | 30,000 zł | monthly | ||
| After May 1944 | 338,000 zł | monthly | ||
| Nov. 1944 – Dec. 1944 | 14,000,00 zł | total | Allotted to help 1,500–1,800 Jews hiding on Warsaw's left bank<ref name=":0" /> | |
| Nov. 1944 – Dec. 1944 | $32,000 | n/a | <ref name=":0" /> | |
| March 1945 – April 1945 | $65,000 | n/a | <ref name=":0" /> | |
| By Sept. 1945 | 1,000,000 zł | monthly | ||
| 1939–1945 | $250,000 | total | Sum of all funds allocated to Żegota expressed in USD<ref name="Krakowski 2003" /> | |
| All Jewish organizations | 1939–1945 | 37,400,000 zł
$1,000,000 200,000 CHF |
total | Combined total, including the funds allocated to Żegota |
| All organizations | 1939–1945 | $35,000,000
DM 20,000,000 |
total | Based on partial data – actual figure probably higher<ref name="Krakowski 2003" /> |
Prominent activistsEdit
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }} In a letter from 26 February 1977 Adolf Berman mentions the following activists as especially meritorious:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Ill
- Janina Buchholtz-Bukolska
- Maria Derwisz-Parnowska
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- Regina Fleszarowa
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- Maria Grzegorzewska
- Irena Kurowska
- Maria Laska
- Stanisław and Maria Ossowscy
- Zofia Rodziewicz
- Ewa Rybicka
- Template:Ill
- Irena Sawicka
- Stefania Sempołowska
- Irena Solska
- Template:Ill
- Jan and Antonina Żabińscy
Postwar recognitionEdit
In 1963 Żegota was commemorated in Israel with the planting of a tree in the Avenue of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, with Władysław Bartoszewski present.<ref name="Kunert2002-155">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1995 a monument to the organization was unveiled in Warsaw.<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another monument was unveiled in 2009 in the Survivors' Park in Łódź.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Żegota is also commemorated in plaques at places of its regional offices in Warsaw and Kraków.<ref name=":2" /> In 2009 a commemorative series of coins was issued by the National Bank of Poland.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- List of Żegota members
- Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
- Aleksander Ładoś
- History of the Jews in Poland
- Timeline of Jewish-Polish history
- Polish resistance movement in World War II
- Occupation of Poland (1939–45)
Notes and referencesEdit
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