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County Wexford

Article Discussion

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}}Template:Main other County Wexford (Template:Langx) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Southern Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella (Uí Ceinnsealaigh), whose capital was Ferns.Template:Sfn<ref>Byrne, Irish Kings and High Kings, pp 130–164.</ref> Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 163,527 at the 2022 census.<ref name=cso2022/>

HistoryEdit

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File:Enniscorthy castle.jpg
Enniscorthy Castle
File:Wexford 1800.jpg
Wexford town c. 1800.

The county is rich in evidence of early human habitation.<ref name=StoutWex>Stout, Geraldine. "Essay 1: Wexford in Prehistory 5000 B.C. to 300 AD" in Wexford: History and Society, pp 1 – 39.</ref> Portal tombs (sometimes called dolmens) exist at Ballybrittas (on Bree Hill)<ref name="TombBallybrittas">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and at Newbawn<ref name="TombNewbawn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> – and date from the Neolithic period or earlier. Remains from the Bronze Age period are far more widespread.<ref name=StoutWex/> Early Irish tribes formed the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnsealaig, an area that was slightly larger than the current County Wexford.

County Wexford was one of the earliest areas of Ireland to be Christianised, in the early 5th century. Later, from 819 onwards, the Vikings invaded and plundered many Christian sites in the county.<ref name= A.F.M.>Annals of the Four Masters (A.F.M.)Template:Circular reference</ref> Vikings settled at Wexford town near the end of the 9th century.<ref name= A.F.M./>

In 1169, Wexford was the site of the invasion of Ireland by Normans at the behest of Diarmuid Mac Murrough, King of Uí Cheinnsealaig and king of Leinster (Laigin). This was followed by the subsequent colonisation of the country by the Cambro-Normans.

The native Irish began to regain some of their former territories in the 14th century, especially in the north of the county, principally under Art MacMurrough Kavanagh. Under Henry VIII, the great religious houses were dissolved, 1536–41; in County Wexford this included Glascarrig Priory, Clonmines Priory, Tintern Abbey, and Dunbrody Abbey.

On 23 October 1641, a major rebellion broke out in Ireland, and County Wexford produced strong support for Confederate Ireland. Oliver Cromwell and his English Parliamentarian Army arrived in 1649 in the county and captured it. The lands of the Irish and Anglo-Normans were confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers as payment for their service in the Parliamentarian Army. At Duncannon, in the south-west of the county, James II, after his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne, embarked for Kinsale and then to exile in France.

County Wexford was the most important area in which the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was fought, during which significant battles occurred at The Battle of Oulart Hill during the 1798 rebellion. Vinegar Hill (Enniscorthy) and New Ross. The famous ballad "Boolavogue" was written in remembrance of the Wexford Rising. At Easter 1916, a small rebellion occurred at Enniscorthy town, on cue with that in Dublin.Template:Sfn During World War II, German planes bombed Campile.Template:Sfn<ref name=WexPeop2000>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1963 John F. Kennedy, then President of the United States, visited the county and his ancestral home at Dunganstown, near New Ross.

Geography and subdivisionsEdit

Wexford is the 13th-largest of Ireland's thirty-two traditional counties in area, and 9th-largest in terms of population.<ref name=cso2022/> It is the largest of Leinster's 12 counties in size, and fourth-largest in terms of population. The county is located in the south-east corner of the island of Ireland. It is bounded by the sea on two sides—on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. The River Barrow forms its western boundary. The Blackstairs Mountains form part of the boundary to the north, as do the southern edges of the Wicklow Mountains. The adjoining counties are Waterford to the south-west, Kilkenny to the west, Carlow to the north-west and Wicklow in the north.

Towns and villagesEdit

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Mountains and hillsEdit

File:Mt Leinster.jpg
Mount Leinster

Largely low-lying fertile land is the characteristic landscape of the county. The highest point in the county is Mount Leinster at Template:Convert,<ref>The Times Atlas of the World, p. 107 (Map – Ireland).</ref> in the Blackstairs Mountains in the north-west on the boundary with County Carlow.

Other high points:

Notable hills include: Carrigbyrne Hill; Camross (or Camaross) Hill, Template:Convert;<ref name = OSI77DSer>OSI, Discovery Series 77.</ref> Carrigmaistia, Template:Convert;<ref name = OSI77DSer/> Bree Hill, Template:Convert;<ref name = OSI77DSer/> Gibbet Hill; Vinegar Hill; Slievecoiltia; Forth Mountain, Template:Convert;<ref name = OSI77DSer/> and Tara Hill.

File:Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge.jpg
Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge, the longest in Ireland, crossing the River Barrow near New Ross

Rivers and lakesEdit

The major rivers are the Slaney and the Barrow. At Template:Convert in length, the river Barrow is the second-longest river on the island of Ireland.<ref name="OSiRivers">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Smaller rivers of note are the Owenduff, Pollmounty, Corrock, Urrin, Boro, Owenavorragh (also spelt Ounavarra), Sow and Bann rivers.

There are no significant fresh-water lakes in the county. Small seaside lakes or lagoons exist at two locations – one is called Lady's Island Lake and the other Tacumshin Lake.

The Wexford Cot is a flat-bottomed boat used for fishing on the tidal mudflats in Wexford.<ref>Wexford Cot Template:Webarchive Rowing for Pleasure</ref> A canoe-shaped punt fitted with a gun, called a float in Wexford, is used traditionally to shoot game birds in the North Slob mud flats.<ref>Wexford to Killiney Template:Webarchive Coast, Series 4, Episode 6, www.bbc.co.uk</ref>

IslandsEdit

The Saltee Islands lie Template:Convert offshore from Kilmore Quay, while the smaller Keeragh Islands are Template:Convert offshore from Bannow.

ClimateEdit

File:Curracloe dunes and beach along Wexford Bay - geograph.org.uk - 1873873.jpg
Curracloe Beach

County Wexford, sometimes dubbed Ireland's "sunny southeast", has in general a higher number of hours of sunshine recorded daily than in the rest of the country.<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> This has resulted in Wexford becoming one of the most popular places in Ireland in which to reside.Template:Citation needed The county has a mild, but changeable, oceanic climate with few extremes. The North Atlantic Drift, a continuation of the Gulf Stream, moderates winter temperatures. There is a meteorological station located at Rosslare Harbour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> January and February are generally the coldest months, with temperatures ranging from Template:Convert on average.<ref name="RosslareMET30yrAv">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> July and August are generally the warmest months, with average temperatures ranging from Template:Convert in coastal areas and Template:Convert in inland areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The prevailing winds blow from the south-west.<ref name="METwind">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Precipitation falls throughout the year. Mean annual rainfall is Template:Convert.<ref name="METrainfall">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Generally, the county receives less snow than more northerly parts of Ireland. Heavy snowfalls are relatively rare, but can occur. The one exception is Mount Leinster, visible from a large portion of the county, and frequently covered with snow during the winter months. Frost is frequent in winter months, less so in coastal areas.

SoilEdit

An ice sheet covered most, but not all, of the county during the last Ice age. As the ice retreated, County Wexford would have been one of the first areas to be covered with glacial drift (a mixture of boulders, clay, sand and gravel) that blanketed the existing bedrock. This has led to high-quality soils, suitable for a wide range of agriculture. A very detailed soil survey of the county was published in 1964 as part of the 'National Soil Survey of Ireland'. It classifies each area of the county according to its specific soil type.<ref>Gardiner, M.J. & Pierce Ryan. Soils of County Wexford. Dublin: An Foras Talúntais, 1964.</ref>

Most of the county is covered with soils called brown earths, described as well-drained and having a wide use-range. After that, gleys (poorly to imperfectly drained with a limited use-range) are the next major soil type, primarily located in the south-east of the county and east of Gorey (along the coast). Gleys are dotted elsewhere around the county in small areas, and where they occur they generally form bogland. The last major soil type, brown podzolics, occur mainly near the edges of the Blackstairs Mountain range and around Bunclody and in the baronies of East Shelmalier and South Ballaghkeen. Though there are areas covered with other soil types, these are of limited extent.

FloraEdit

Common species of tree include oak, ash, sycamore, alder, blackthorn, hawthorn, beech and birch. Less common (but plentiful) species include wild cherry and Scots pine (also called red deal). Elm is now far less common, due to the devastating effects of Dutch elm disease. Gorse (or furze) is very common. A priority habitat in Wexford is the grey dune, on which many native wild flora grow, including bee orchid and pyramidal orchid. Despite the designation of much of this habitat as a Special Area of Conservation, it remains threatened by destruction for agricultural intensificationTemplate:Citation needed. There is very little natural forest in the county. Most natural trees and vegetation grow on hedgerows.

FaunaEdit

South-eastern Wexford is an important site for wild birds—the north side of Wexford Harbour, the North Slob, is home to 10,000 Greenland white-fronted geese each winter (roughly one third of the entire world's population), while in the summer Lady's Island Lake is an important breeding site for terns, especially the roseate tern. The grey heron is also seen.

Throughout the county pheasant, woodpigeon and feral pigeons are widespread. Mute swan, mallard, kingfisher, and owls (the long-eared owl, the short-eared owl, and the barn owl) are less common – but plentiful. Red grouse, once common, is now extremely scarce. The species has been in decline for some decades. Threats include habitat degradation, disease, predation and over-hunting. Red grouse in Ireland are now considered threatened.<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The corncrake, also once very common, is now almost never seen. Smaller birds—such as crows, swallows, robins, wrens and so on—are very common. The first magpies in Ireland were recorded by Robert Leigh, of Rosegarland, County Wexford, as having appeared in the County of Wexford about 1676.<ref>Herbert F. Hore (ed.), "A Chorographic Account of the Southern part of the County of Wexford, written Anno 1684, by Robert Leigh. Esq., of Rosegarland, in that County" in "The Journal of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society" (Dublin, 1859), p. 467.</ref><ref>See William Thompson, "The Natural History of Ireland", Vol. 1 – (London, 1849), p. 328, for further details – other historical accounts mentioned here confirm Leigh's statement.</ref> Land mammals include badger, rabbit, otter, hedgehog, red fox, mink, bats, squirrels (red and grey), rats (brown and black – both introduced species), and mice (wood (or field) and house). Two types of hare—the Irish (or mountain) hare and the less common brown (or European) hare—are found. Hare is not nearly as common as rabbit. The stoat (Mustela erminea hibernica) is also reasonably common. Locally the stoat is just as often incorrectly called a weasel.

Only two types of seal are found on County Wexford's coast—Atlantic grey seals are very plentiful in coastal areas; the slightly smaller common (or harbour) seal is less common, yet plentiful. The small tortoiseshell butterfly (reddish-orange colour, with black markings) is the most common species of butterfly in the county. Various types of moth are also common. The common frog – the only type of frog found – is plentiful.

Governance and politicsEdit

Local governmentEdit

Wexford County Council has thirty-four members. The council has three representatives on the Southern Regional Assembly, where it is part of the South-East strategic planning area.<ref>Template:Cite Irish legislation</ref>

National politicsEdit

County Wexford is represented by the Dáil constituency of Wexford (5 seats).<ref>Template:Cite Irish legislation</ref>

The county is part of the European Parliament constituency of South (5 seats).<ref>Template:Cite Irish legislation</ref>

DemographicsEdit

In 2022, the county had a total population of 163,919 people.<ref name=cso2016/> Of these, 61.4% (91,969 people) lived in rural areas and 38.6% (57,753 people) lived in urban areas.<ref name=cso2016UrbanRural>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 83.8% of the population stated their religion as Roman Catholic, 7.1% other religions, and 7.5% stated they had no religion.<ref name=cso2016/> Between 2006 and 2011, the population increased by 10%, slowing to 3% between 2011 and 2016.<ref name=cso2016UrbanRural/>

Urban areas and populationsEdit

Town Population (2022)
Wexford 21,524
Enniscorthy 12,310
Gorey 11,517
New Ross 8,610

CultureEdit

File:Wexford Pikeman Statue by Oliver Sheppard 2010 09 29.jpg
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Since 1951, an opera festival, Wexford Festival Opera, takes place every year in the Theatre Royal in Wexford town and runs for several weeks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2008, a new Opera House replaced the old one on the same site, once called the Wexford Opera House, but in 2014 being designated as Ireland's National Opera House. It consists of two theatres, the O'Reilly Theatre and the Jerome Hynes Theatre.

There is a renowned singing tradition in County Wexford. Having an abundance of traditional songs, many of which relate to the rebellion of 1798, the county has for many years had a strong presence in the Irish traditional singing scene. Noted singers include All-Ireland Fleadh Champions Paddy Berry, Seamus Brogan and Niall Wall. Paddy Berry has also collected and published a number of songs from Wexford.

Beaches in Curracloe, County Wexford were used to film the opening scenes of the movie Saving Private Ryan, which depicted the D-day assault on Omaha Beach. The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Kevin Reynolds, was partly filmed in the village of Duncannon in 2000 – Duncannon Fort being used for one of the main scenes.<ref name=WexPeop28Aug2000>Template:Cite news</ref> The movie Brooklyn was partially set and filmed in Enniscorthy and featured some of the locals as extras. Both The Violent Enemy and Underground were shot in and around Enniscorthy in the 1960s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

MediaEdit

Two radio stations are based in the county: South East Radio<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Beat 102-103.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Beat 102-103's official website</ref>

The county's main newspapers include Wexford People, New Ross Standard, Gorey Guardian, and Enniscorthy Echo.

Places of interestEdit

The scenic Bannow Drive, popular amongst tourists, is a signposted route through four Wexford villages: Duncormick, Cullenstown, Bannow and Wellingtonbridge.

Ballyteigue Burrow, located near Duncormick, is one of the finest protected sand dune systems in Ireland. Rich in wildflowers, wildlife and butterflies, this 9 km (6 mile) coastal stretch is a protected nature reserve by the golden sands of Ballyteigue Bay, with spectacular scenery.

The Hook Peninsula is noted for its many beaches and spectacular scenery. It features the medieval Hook Head lighthouse and the historic townland of Loftus Hall.

Popular beaches are located at Courtown, Curracloe, Carnsore Point, Duncannon and Rosslare Strand.

Other places of interest include: Template:Div col

  • Ferns Castle and Abbey<ref name="HerIreFernsCast">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Enniscorthy Castle and Museum
  • Vinegar Hill
  • National 1798 Visitor Centre<ref name="Nat1798VisitCent">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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EconomyEdit

AgricultureEdit

File:Cattle near Duncormick.JPG
Cattle near Duncormick

The economy is chiefly agricultural. Cattle, sheep, pig rearing and some horse breeding are the main types of husbandry practised. Poultry rearing, once popular, has very much declined. Wheat, barley, rapeseed, and oats are grown, as are potatoes. Sugar beet is no longer grown due to the withdrawal of EU subsidies. The numbers involved in farming have been declining for many years and many of the seasonal workers are now eastern Europeans. Mushrooms are also grown indoors. Tomatoes are grown under glass, for example at Campile.

Wexford strawberries are famous and can be bought in shops and wayside stalls throughout the summer. Every year, near the end of June, a 'Strawberry Fair' Festival takes place in the town of Enniscorthy, and a Strawberry Queen is crowned. Dairy farming forms an important part of the agricultural industry. Locally produced milk is on sale in many supermarkets. Wexford Irish Cheddar is a brand, and Carrigbyrne, a full-flavoured soft cheese, is produced near New Ross.

ForestryEdit

Evergreen tree species are extensively cultivated, especially in more recent years—Norway spruce and Sitka spruce are the most common varieties planted. These are generally sown on poorer quality soils (mainly in bogs and on hills or mountainsides). A small amount of deciduous trees are also planted, though these require better soils.

MiningEdit

Silver was once mined at Clonmines—primarily in Tudor times. Lead was mined at Caim, 1818 – c. 1850—this mine also contains zinc; the two are usually found together. Copper ore (malachite) is found at Kerloge, just south of the town of Wexford. Iron is found in small quantities at Courtown Harbour. The county is not noted for mineral reserves. No significant mining activity is currently practised, with the exception of quarrying for stone. In 2007, a significant oil find was made Template:Convert off Hook Head in County Wexford.<ref name=Ind10thOct07>Template:Cite news</ref>

EnergyEdit

File:IMG WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg
Ballywater Wind Farm, near Kilmuckridge – the largest wind farm in County Wexford (consisting of 21 wind turbines).

Carnsore Point made the national headlines in the late 1970s after a proposal was made to build a nuclear energy plant there; the plans were abandoned after extensive protests from the public, due to environmental and health concerns.<ref name=WP12Sept2001>Template:Cite news</ref> Great Island Power Station opened in 1967 and was operated by the Electricity Supply Board (ESB) until it was sold to Endesa in January 2009.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is an electricity-generating station fueled by heavy fuel oil and rated at 240 MW.<ref name=project>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is located at the confluence of the rivers Barrow and Suir, near Campile. Before its sale, the station was scheduled to close by 2010.<ref name=ESBweb>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Nrstandard30Apr08>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Endesa propose building a 430 MW combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) gas fired plant on the site.<ref name=project /> The project would need a new Template:Convert gas pipeline from the existing transmission network at Baunlusk, Template:Convert south of Kilkenny City.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A wind farm has now been built on the site, featuring 14 wind turbines generating electricity. It was completed in November 2002 and was the first wind farm on the east coast of Ireland. Wind farms now exist at a few other locations in the county, such as Ballywater Wind Farm, at Cahore (near Kilmuckridge), on the county's east coast, and Richfield wind farm, located in the southeast of the county.

TransportEdit

  • Bus: Wexford and Dublin are linked by Bus Éireann route 2<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Wexford Bus routes 740 and 740A. While route 5 operates Waterford-New Ross-Enniscorthy-Dublin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are numerous local bus routes radiating from Wexford town to places such as Kilmore Quay, Lady's Island, Kilmuckridge.

Sport and eventsEdit

Gaelic gamesEdit

Template:Main article In recent years the county Football team has been making rapid advances. Camogie, a women's version of hurling, is also played, and Wexford won the All Ireland in 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Wexford Park is the county's main GAA pitch, holding 25,000 supporters. Also, handball is played on a limited basis; there are a number of handball alleys located throughout the county.

As a county, Wexford are most noted for hurling have won the Leinster Senior Hurling Championships a total of 21 times, first in 1890 and most recently in 2019.

In the All Ireland Senior Hurling Championships, Wexford have won 6 times, first in 1910 and most recently in 1996, beating Limerick in the final.

FootballEdit

Wexford Youths F.C., formed 2007, renamed as Wexford FC in 2017, is the major football club in the county, currently playing in the League of Ireland First Division.

GolfEdit

File:Rathaspeck Manor gate lodge.jpg
The colourful lodge at the entrance to Rathaspeck Manor golf course

There are numerous golf clubs in the county – including Rosslare (a Links course),<ref>Rosslare Golf Club Template:Webarchive (18 holes).</ref> and Enniscorthy.<ref>Enniscorthy Golf Club Template:Webarchive (18 holes).</ref> Two more are located near Gorey – Ballymoney Golf Club and Courtown Golf Club – are 18 hole golf courses.<ref>Courtown Golf Club website Template:Webarchive.</ref> Bunclody Golf and Fishing Club, boasting Europe's only golf lift, is situated just inside County Carlow.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are also a few others. New Ross Golf Club, however, is actually located in County Kilkenny – about 1 km (1,000 yards) from New Ross town.<ref>Location map Template:Webarchive on New Ross Golf Club website.</ref>

There are also many par-3 courses in the county, such as Scarke Golf Course & Driving Range,<ref>Scarke Golf Course & Driving Range website Template:Webarchive.</ref> located about Template:Convert east of New Ross, the 'Abbey Par 3' course, at Winningtown, Fethard-on-Sea, Blackwater Par 3 Golf Course,<ref>Blackwater Par 3 Golf Course website Template:Webarchive.</ref> Kilnew, Blackwater, located a few kilometres northeast of Wexford town, Garrylough Golf Course and Driving Range, Screen, and Rathaspeck Manor Golf Course, Rathaspeck, near Rosslare (there are also few Par-4 holes on this course). There are also a number of other Par-3 courses in the county.

File:KilmoreMarina.JPG
The Marina at Kilmore Quay.

FishingEdit

Maritime activity takes at various locations in County Wexford, including at Kilmore Quay and Slade Harbour. Common fish species include herring, mackerel, cod, monkfish, whiting, bass, perch, gurnard, haddock, mullet, pollock, John Dory, sole, conger eel, shad, salmon, trout, pike, carp, and tench. Shellfish include mussels, cockles, periwinkles, clams, and oysters.

RacingEdit

Wexford Racecourse (horse racing) is in Wexford town<ref name=WexRaceC>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and there is a Greyhound Racing track at Enniscorthy.<ref name=WexGreyhC>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PeopleEdit

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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TwinningEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} County Wexford is twinned with the following places:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

  • Byrne, Francis J. Irish Kings and High Kings. Dublin, 1973–2001
  • Carlyle, Thomas. "Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches". Vol. 1. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845
  • Cambrensis, Giraldus. Expugnatio Hibernica – The Conquest of Ireland. Dublin: R.I.A., 1978
  • Colfer, Billy. The County of Wexford. County Wexford: Foillsitheoirí Cois Sláine, n.d. – 1980 or 1981.
  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book
  • Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSi). Discovery Series 77 – Co Wexford (part). Scale 1: 50,000. Dublin: OSI, Phoenix Park, 1997. Template:ISBN
  • The Times Atlas of the World – Reference Edition. London: Times Books, 1995–2002. Template:ISBN
  • Whelan, K.(ed) & W. Nolan (assoc. ed.). Wexford: History and Society. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1987

External linksEdit

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