Crown colony

File:Coat of arms of England (1603–1649).svg

Coat of arms of King James I. In 1624, the Crown revoked the royal charter earlier granted to the Virginia Company, and assumed direct government of the colony.

A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony governed by England, and then Great Britain or the United Kingdom within the English and later British Empire. There was usually a governor to represent the Crown, appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the UK Government, with or without the assistance of a local council. In some cases, this council was split into two: an executive council and a legislative council, and the executive council was similar to the Privy Council that advises the monarch. Members of executive councils were appointed by the governors, and British citizens resident in Crown colonies either had no representation in local government, or limited representation in a lower house. In several Crown colonies, this limited representation grew over time. As the House of Commons of the British Parliament has never included seats for any of the colonies, there was no direct representation in the sovereign government for British subjects or citizens residing in Crown colonies.

The administration of Crown colonies changed over time and in the 1800s some became, with a loosening of the power of royal governors, self-governing colonies, within which the sovereign state (the UK Government) delegated legislation for most local internal matters of governance to elected assemblies, with consent of the governor, overseen by the Colonial Office and the Board of Trade and Plantations. The Colonial Office gave way to the Dominion Office for some of these territories in 1925. Elected lower houses had their beginnings in the House of Burgesses of the Colony of Virginia in 1619 and the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda in 1620. While initially limited in government even with an elected lower house, over the centuries in some Crown colonies, more independent authority was given.

Like most colonial establishments, the main focus was the extraction of local resources and raw materials. All remaining British colonies, whether Crown (such as the Falkland Islands) or self-governing (such as Bermuda), were renamed "British Dependent Territories" from 1 January 1983 under the British Nationality Act 1981. Many British citizens in the colonies (with the exceptions of the Falkland Islanders and subsequently the Gibraltarians) found that their "Citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies" Template:Clarify From 2002, the dependent territories have been known officially as British Overseas Territories.<ref name=bota2002>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

Early English colonies were often proprietary colonies, usually established and administered by companies under charters granted by the monarch. The first "royal colony" was the Colony of Virginia, after 1624, when the Crown of the Kingdom of England revoked the royal charter it had granted to the Virginia Company and assumed control of the administration.<ref>Porter, p. 477.</ref>

Executive crown governors are sometimes complemented by a locally appointed and/or elected legislature with limited powers – that is, such territories lack responsible government. For example, while the House of Assembly of Bermuda has existed continuously since its first session in 1620, Bermuda has only had responsible government since 1968. (Bermuda became a Crown colony in 1684, when the government revoked a royal charter given to the Somers Isles Company, successor to the Virginia Company, which had previously controlled administration, including the appointment of governors. Afterwards the British government appointed the Governor of Bermuda.)Template:Cn

Despite its later usage, the term "Crown colony" was used primarily, until the mid-19th century, to refer to colonies that had been acquired through wars, such as Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>History of Parliament: Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago Template:Webarchive – Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago.</ref> After that time it was more broadly applied to every British territory other than British India,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and self-governing colonies, such as the Province of Canada, Newfoundland, British Columbia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and New Zealand.<ref>Olson, p. 343.</ref> Template:Campaignbox British Empire World War II By the mid-19th century, the monarch was appointing colonial governors only on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.<ref>Jenks, p. 70.</ref>

Reclassification (1981)

Template:Further The term Crown colony continued to be used until 1981, when the British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified the remaining British colonies as "British Dependent Territories". By this time, the term "Crown colony" referred specifically to colonies lacking substantial autonomy, which were administered by an executive governor, appointed by the British Government – such as Hong Kong, before its transfer in 1997 to the People's Republic of China.Template:Citation needed In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 further changed their name to British Overseas Territories.Template:Cn

Types

Template:More citations needed section There were three types of Crown colony as of 1918, with differing degrees of autonomy:

Crown colonies with representative councils, such as Bermuda, Jamaica, Ceylon and Fiji, contained two legislative chambers, consisting of Crown-appointed and locally elected members.

Crown colonies with nominated councils, such as British Honduras, Sierra Leone, British Windward Islands and Hong Kong, were staffed entirely by Crown-appointed members, with some appointed representation from the local population. Hong Kong had a representative council following the introduction of election for the Hong Kong Legislative Council in 1995.

Crown colonies ruled directly by a governor, such as Basutoland,<ref>Jenks, pp. 71–4.</ref> Gibraltar, Saint Helena and Singapore, were fewest in number and had the least autonomy.

List

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }} The "from" column lists the year the colony began to be administered by the Crown. These colonies may have existed under a different type of English colonial administration before then.

Crown colonies

Name of colony	from	to	Reason for change of status
Template:Flagicon Aden	1937	1967	Became part of the Federation of South Arabia.
Template:Flag	1960	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flag	1980	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flag icon Antigua	1663	1967	Became an associated state.
Template:Flag icon Ashanti	1902	1957	Became part of the dominion named Ghana upon its establishment in 1957.
Template:Flagicon Bahamas	1718	1973	Became an independent Commonwealth realm.
Template:Flagicon Barbados	1663	1966	Became an independent Commonwealth realm.
Template:Flagicon Basutoland	1884	1966	Became independent as Lesotho in 1966.
Template:Flag	1684	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flag	1962	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flagicon British Bechuanaland	1885	1895	Became part of British Cape Colony in 1895.
File:Flag of the Colony of British Columbia.svg British Columbia	1866	1871	Became part of Canada in 1871.
Template:Flagicon British Guiana	1831	1966	Became independent as Guyana in 1966.
Template:Flagicon British Honduras (renamed Belize in 1973)	1884	1981	Became independent (as Belize) in 1981.
Template:Flag	1965	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flagicon Burma	1937	1948	Separated from British India in 1937 and became a Crown colony. Became independent in 1948 as Burma (later Myanmar).
Template:Flagicon United Province of Canada	1841	1867	Became part of Canada in 1867.
File:Flag of the Cape Colony 1876-1910.svg Cape Colony	1806	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Template:Flag	1962	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flagicon Ceylon	1815	1948	Became independent in 1948 as Dominion of Ceylon (later Sri Lanka).
Template:Flagicon Christmas Island	1958	1958	Became a territory of Australia
Template:Flagicon Cyprus	1914	1960	Became independent as Cyprus in 1960.
Template:Flagicon Dominica	1763	1967	Became an associated state.
Template:Flag icon East Florida	1763	1783	Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.
Template:Flag	1841	1982	Became a British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flagicon image Fiji	1874	1970	Became independent as Fiji in 1970
Template:Flagicon image Gambia Colony	1888	1965	Became independent as The Gambia in 1965.
Template:Flag icon Georgia	1755	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flag	1713	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flagicon image Gilbert and Ellice Islands	1916	1976	Separate Kiribati and Tuvalu colonies
Template:Flagicon image Kiribati	1976	1979	Became independent in 1979.
Template:Flag icon Gold Coast	1821	1957	Became independent in 1957 with Ashanti and Northern Territories of the Gold Coast as Ghana.
Template:Flag icon Grenada	1763	1967	Became an associated state.
Template:Flag icon Heligoland	1814	1890	Ceded to the German Empire.
Template:Flagicon Hong Kong	1843	1982	Imperial Japan military occupied 1941–1945. Reclassified as a British Dependent Territory in 1983. Transferred to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.
Template:Flagicon Jamaica	1655	1962	Became independent in 1962 as Jamaica.
Template:Flagicon Kenya	1920	1963	United with the Kenya Protectorate in 1963 to form the independent country of Kenya.
Template:Flagicon image Labuan	1846	1890	Administered by British North Borneo Company from 1890 to 1904.
Template:Flagicon image Lagos	1862	1906	Became part of Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria in 1906.
Template:Flagicon Lower Canada	1791	1841	Became part of Province of Canada in 1841.
Template:Flagicon image Malacca	1946	1957	Became part of Malaya in 1957.
Template:Flagicon Malta	1813	1964	Became independent in 1964 as the State of Malta.
Template:Flagicon Maryland	1689	1715	Reverted to proprietary rule in 1715, and later became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flag icon Massachusetts Bay	1691	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flagicon Mauritius	1810	1968	Became independent as Mauritius in 1968.
Template:Flag	1636	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
File:Flag of the Natal Colony 1875-1910.svg Natal	1843	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
File:Dominion of Newfoundland Blue Ensign, 1870–1904.svg Newfoundland	1825	1907	Became the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1907, and later joined Canada in 1949.
Template:Flag icon New Hampshire	1692	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flag icon New Ireland	1779	1783	Ceded to the United States of America after Revolutionary War and again after War of 1812 (1814-1815).
Template:Flag icon New Jersey	1702	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flagicon New South Wales	1788	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Template:Flag icon New York	1685	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flagicon New Zealand	1841	1907	Became the Dominion of New Zealand in 1907.
Template:Flagicon Nigeria	1914	1960	Became independent as Nigeria in 1960.
Template:Flagicon Norfolk Island	1788	1914	Placed under administration of Australia in 1914 as a non-self governing territory. The island was self-governing between 1979 and 2015.
Template:Flagicon image North Borneo	1946	1963	Became part of Malaysia in 1963 as Sabah. Labuan separated from Sabah in 1984 to become a Federal Territory.<ref name="Malaysia Act 1963">See: Malaysia Act 1963</ref>
Template:Flag icon North Carolina	1729	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flagicon Nova Scotia	1710	1867	Became part of Canada in 1867.
Template:Flag	1900	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Template:Flag	1887	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flag icon Penang	1946	1957	Became part of Malaya in 1957.
Template:Flag icon Quebec	1763	1791	Divided between Upper and Lower Canada and the Northwest Territory.
Template:Flagicon Queensland	1859	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Template:Flagicon Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla	1882	1967	Became an associated state.
Template:Flagicon Saint Helena	1659	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flagicon Saint Lucia	1814	1967	Became an associated state.
Template:Flagicon Saint Vincent	1776	1969	Became an associated state.
Template:Flagicon Sarawak	1946	1963	Became part of Malaysia in 1963.<ref name="Malaysia Act 1963"/>
File:Flag of Seychelles 1961-1976.gif Seychelles	1903	1976	Separated from British Mauritius in 1903 and became a Crown Colony and became independent in 1976.
File:Flag of Sierra Leone 1916-1961.gif Sierra Leone	1808	1961	Became independent as Sierra Leone in 1961.
Template:Flagicon Singapore	1946	1963	Became an autonomous state within Malaysia in 1963 and fully independent in 1965.<ref name="Malaysia Act 1963"/>
Template:Flagicon South Australia	1834	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Template:Flag icon South Carolina	1729	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flagicon image Southern Nigeria	1906	1914	Part of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. Merged with Northern Nigeria Protectorate as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914.
Template:Flagicon Southern Rhodesia	1923	1965/1980	Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 as Rhodesia; formally reverted to colonial status in 1979 as Southern Rhodesia; independence granted in 1980 as Zimbabwe
Template:Flagicon Straits Settlements	1867	1946	Imperial Japan military occupied 1941–1945. Separated into the Crown colonies of Penang, Malacca and Singapore.<ref name=ColonyOfSingapore>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Tasmania	1825	1901	Named Van Diemen's Land until 1856. Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Template:Flag	1877	1910	Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Template:Flagicon Tobago	1877	1889	Became part of Trinidad and Tobago
Template:Flagicon Trinidad	1802	1889	Became part of Trinidad and Tobago
Template:Flag	1889	1962	Became independent in 1962
Template:Flag	1962	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flagicon image Tuvalu	1976	1978	Became independent in 1978. Formerly part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate
Template:Flagicon Upper Canada	1791	1841	Became part of Province of Canada in 1841.
File:Flag of Vancouver Island.svg Vancouver Island	1848	1866	Merged with the Colony of British Columbia in 1866 which joined Canada.
Template:Flagicon Victoria	1851	1901	Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Template:Flag icon Virgin Islands	1713	1982	Became British Dependent Territory in 1983.
Template:Flag icon Virginia	1624	1776	Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Template:Flagicon Western Australia	1829	1901	Swan River Colony from 1829 to 1832. Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Template:Flag icon West Florida	1763	1783	Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.

See also

• British Empire
• British overseas territories
• British protectorate
• Colonial Office
• Crown dependency
• Direct rule over Northern Ireland
• Legislative council
• Proprietary colony
• Self-governing colony

References

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