Cryolophosaurus
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Automatic taxobox
Cryolophosaurus (Template:IPAc-en or Template:IPAc-en; Template:Respell) is a genus of large theropod dinosaur known from only a single species, Cryolophosaurus ellioti, from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica. It was one of the largest theropods of the Early Jurassic, with the subadult, being estimated to have reached Template:Convert long and weighed Template:Convert.
Cryolophosaurus was first excavated from Antarctica's Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian aged Hanson Formation, formerly the upper Falla Formation, by paleontologist Dr. William Hammer in 1991. It was the first carnivorous dinosaur to be discovered in Antarctica, and the first non-avian dinosaur from the continent to be officially named. The sediments in which its fossils were found have been dated at ~196 to 188 million years ago, representing the Early Jurassic Period.
Cryolophosaurus is known from a skull, a femur and other material, all of which have caused its classification to vary greatly. The femur possesses many primitive characteristics that have classified Cryolophosaurus as a dilophosaurid, or a neotheropod outside of Dilophosauridae and Averostra, whereas the skull has many advanced features, leading the genus to be considered a tetanuran, an abelisaurid, a ceratosaur and even an allosaurid.<ref name=evans/><ref name=pickrell2004/> Cryolophosaurus is currently considered to be a derived neotheropod, close to Averostra. Additionally, Cryolophosaurus possessed a distinctive "pompadour" crest that spanned the head from side to side. Based on evidence from related species and studies of bone texture, it is thought that this bizarre crest was used for intra-species recognition. The brain of Cryolophosaurus was also more primitive than those of other theropods.
Discovery and namingEdit
Cryolophosaurus originally was collected during the 1990–91 austral summer on Mount Kirkpatrick in the Beardmore Glacier region of the Transantarctic Mountains. The discovery was made by Hammer, a professor at Augustana College, and his team. The fossils were found in the siliceous siltstone of the Hanson Formation, formerly the upper Falla Formation, and dated back to the Pliensbachian Stage of the early Jurassic. Cryolophosaurus was the second dinosaur, and first theropod to be discovered in Antarctica. It was discovered after Antarctopelta, but named earlier.<ref name="hammer&hickerson1994"/>
In 1991, both Hammer and the Ohio State University geologist, David Elliot excavated separate outcrops near Beardmore Glacier, sharing logistical expenses. Elliot's team first came across the remains of Cryolophosaurus in a rock formation around the altitude of Template:Convert high and about Template:Convert from the South Pole. When the discovery was made, they soon notified Hammer. Over the next three weeks, Hammer excavated Template:Convert of fossil-bearing rock. The team recovered over 100 fossil bones, including those of Cryolophosaurus.<ref name="hammer&hickerson1994"/> The specimens were formally named and described in 1994 by Hammer and Hickerson, in the journal Science.<ref name="hammer&hickerson1994"/>
During the 2003 season, a field team returned and collected more material from the original site. A second locality was discovered about Template:Convert higher in the section on Mt. Kirkpatrick.<ref name=leslie/>
The name Cryolophosaurus ellioti is derived from the Greek words κρυος (meaning 'cold' or 'frozen', in reference to its discovery in Antarctica), λοφος (meaning 'crest') and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (meaning 'lizard'), thus "cold crest lizard". Hammer and Hickerson named the species C. ellioti, after David Elliot, who had made the initial discovery of the fossils.<ref name="hammer&hickerson1994"/>
DescriptionEdit
Cryolophosaurus was a large, well-built theropod, one of the largest of its time. The holotype specimen is estimated to have reached Template:Cvt long and weighed Template:Cvt.<ref name="hammer1998"/><ref name="Smithetal2007b"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2016 Molina-Pérez and Larramendi gave a larger estimation of 7.7 meters (25.3 ft) and 780 kg (1,720 lb).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some researchers noted that the holotype individual probably represents a sub-adult, so adults could have been larger.<ref name="Smithetal2007b"/><ref name="benson2012"/> Despite having slender proportions, Cryolophosaurus is one of the largest known Early Jurassic theropods.<ref name="benson2012"/><ref name=chin2013/>
The holotype FMNH PR1821 is the only fully described specimen of Cryolophosaurus. The specimen consists of an incomplete skull and mandibles, lacking most of the front half; nine maxillary teeth; a fragmentary sixth cervical centrum; cervical vertebrae 7–10; several posterior cervical ribs; several anterior dorsal vertebrae; most mid and posterior dorsal vertebrae; several dorsal ribs; the fifth sacral vertebrae; three chevrons; many partial and complete caudal vertebrae and centra; two partial humeri; a proximal radius; a proximal ulna; a partial ilium; a proximal pubis; both ischia, but only one distal; two incomplete femora; the distal end of a tibia; the distal end of a fibula, and the astragalus and calcaneum.<ref name="Smithetal2007b"/> In 2013, new material of Cryolophosaurus was unearthed in Antarctica. The description of this material has not yet been published in a non-abstract form.<ref name="smithetal2013">Template:Cite journal</ref>
SkullEdit
.jpg){kind=link}
The holotype of C. ellioti consists of a high, narrow skull, which was discovered articulated with the rest of the skeleton.<ref name="hammer1998" /> The skull is an estimated Template:Convert long. It has a peculiar nasal crest that runs just over the eyes, where it rises perpendicular to the skull and fans out. It is thin and highly furrowed, giving it a unique "pompadour" appearance and earned it the nickname "Elvisaurus."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The crest is an extension of the skull bones, near the tear ducts, fused on either side to orbital horns, which rise from the eye sockets. While other theropods, like the Monolophosaurus have crests, they usually run along the skull instead of across it.<ref name="smithetal2005" />
An unpublished study conducted by Vernon Meidlinger-Chin in 2013 suggested that previous studies lacked focus on endocranial details. The study found that the Cryolophosaurus fossil has a nearly complete, undistorted cranial cavity which is complete enough to give an approximate shape and size of the living brain. The endocast features clarified the dissimilarity of the skull with those of Allosauroids and Coelurosaurs giving Cryolophosaurus a basal position in Theropoda.<ref name="chin2013" /> Closer examination of how the skull bones fused reviewed details in the snout and forehead that are exceptionally similar to Dilophosaurus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClassificationEdit
Classification of Cryolophosaurus is difficult because it has a mix of primitive and advanced characteristics.<ref name=holtz2004/> The femur has traits of early theropods, while the skull resembles much later species of the clade Tetanurae, like China's Sinraptor and Yangchuanosaurus. This led Paul Sereno et al. (1994) to place Cryolophosaurus in the taxon Allosauridae.<ref name=sereno1994/> Originally, Hammer and colleagues suspected that C. ellioti might be a ceratosaur, or even an early abelisaur, with some traits convergent with those of more advanced tetanurans, but ultimately concluded that it was itself the earliest known member of the tetanuran group.<ref name="hammer&hickerson1994"/> While a subsequent study by Hammer (along with Smith and Currie) again recovered Cryolophosaurus as a tetanuran, a later (2007) study by the same authors found that it was more closely related to Dilophosaurus and Dracovenator.<ref name="smithetal2005"/><ref name="smithetal2007"/> Sterling Nesbitt et al. (2009), using the characters of Tawa found Cryolophosaurus to be neither a dilophosaurid nor averostran neotheropod, but instead the sister group of a clade composed of dilophosaurids and averostrans.<ref name=nesbitt2009/> However, in 2012, Matthew Carrano found that Cryolophosaurus was a tetanuran, related to Sinosaurus, but unrelated to Dilophosaurus.<ref name="carrano2012">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2020, a monograph of Dilophosaurus found Cryolophosaurus to be a derived neotheropod, close to Averostra, in a more derived position than Zupaysaurus, but less than Dilophosaurus.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The following cladogram illustrates a synthesis of the relationships of the early theropod groups compiled by Hendrickx et al. in 2015.<ref name=theropodphylogeny2015>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Clade
However, a 2020 study conducted by Adam Marsh and Timothy Rowe found C. ellioti to be a basal Neotheropod. While it was still closer to Averostra than Coephysoidea was, it was still more basal than Dilophosaurus.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
PaleobiologyEdit
Cranial ornamentationEdit
Cranial display features, such as the one possessed by Cryolophosaurus, make sense in social, gregarious animals, where other members of the species are available to observe and interpret messages of sexual status.<ref name="Dodson_Paleoeco"/> Kevin Padian et al. (2004) challenged conventional hypotheses that the purpose of bizarre cranial structures and post-cranial armor in dinosaurs, was either for attracting mates, intimidating/fighting rivals in the group, or intimidating potential predators of other species. Padian et al. noted that based on phylogenetic, histological, and functional evidence these bizarre structures can be explained by the phenomenon of intra-species recognition, which is supported by the fossil evidence.<ref name=glut2006/><ref name=padian/> Thomas R. Holtz Jr. (2010) found that the bizarre crest of C. llioti was primarily for intra-species recognition, based on evidence from related species and studies of bone texture.<ref name="Holtz2012"/> According to Thomas Rich and his colleagues, the crest would have been ineffective as a weapon and may have possibly functioned as a display feature during certain types of social behavior such as mating.<ref name="rich-gang-ham_1997"/> In 2019, a species recognition function was disputed but a socio-sexual display structure model was suggested.<ref name="Yun2019"/>
DietEdit
When the type specimen was discovered, several long cervical ribs, of a supposed prosauropod dinosaur were found in the mouth of Cryolophosaurus, which led Hammer (1998) to conclude that it was feeding on the prosauropod when it died. Hammer further noted that since the ribs were found extending all the way back to the theropod's neck region, this individual may have choked to death on these ribs.<ref name="hammer1998"/> However, Smith et al. concluded that these remains belonged to the Cryolophosaurus specimen itself, and not to Hammer's "prosauropod".<ref name="smithetal2007"/> Hammer also concluded that a post-canine tooth belonging to a tritylodont (an early mammal relative), found with the remains, was part of its stomach contents when it died.<ref name=glut1999/>
PaleopathologyEdit
Some Cryolophosaurus bones have pathologies that show evidence of scavenging. Broken teeth from a juvenile Cryolophosaurus were found nearby.<ref name="rich-gang-ham_1997" /> These teeth have no roots and likely shed naturally while scavenging the adult Cryolophosaurus carcass.
Another possible pathology is found in the astragalus (ankle bone) of Cryolophosaurus. This bone was preserved with a small splint from the fibula located just above the ankle. The splint, however, may also be just a unique morphological feature of Cryolophosaurus.<ref name="Smithetal2007b" />
PaleoenvironmentEdit
All known specimens of Cryolophosaurus have been recovered in the Hanson Formation, which is one of only two major dinosaur-bearing rock formations found on the continent of Antarctica. Cryolophosaurus was found about Template:Convert from the South Pole but,<ref name="hammer1998"/> at the time it lived, this was about Template:Convert or so farther north.<ref name="dodson_97b"/> The Hanson Formation accumulated in a rift environment located between c. 60 and 70S, fringing the East Antarctic Craton behind the active Panthalassan margin of southern Gondwana, being dominated by two types of facies: "tuffaceous" siltstone of fluvial and volcanic strata, deposited maybe more than 10 million years based on the thickness.<ref name=HansonAa>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the Early Jurassic, Antarctica was closer to the equator and the world was considerably warmer than today, but the climate was still cool temperate similar to that of modern southern Chile, and humid, with a temperature interval of 17–18 degrees. Models of Jurassic air flow indicate that coastal areas probably never dropped much below freezing, although more extreme conditions existed inland.<ref name="chandler"/>
This formation has produced the remains of two smaller theropods, the sauropodomorph Glacialisaurus,<ref name=SP07>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref> a crow-sized pterosaur (a dimorphodontid), a tritylodont, herbivorous synapsid, and two small unnamed sauropodomorphs.<ref name=TheFauna>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="SauropodomorphsA">Template:Cite journal</ref> Beyond vertebrates, Insects (Blattodea, Coleoptera), Ostracodans, Conchostracans and arthropod ichnofossils (Diplichnites, Planolites, Scoyenia) are know from other coeval localities, like Gair Mesa, Mount Carson or Shafer Peak.<ref name="FossAntar">Template:Cite journal</ref> Plant remains are also very common, including large tree trunks (+50 cm) from Mount Carson to Palynomorphs at Shafer Peak.<ref name=Paly0>Template:Cite journal</ref> Macrofoliar and cuticle remains have also been recovered from several localities, including Conifers (Araucariaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae or Voltziales), Cycadophytes (Bennettitales), Pteridosperms (Corystospermaceae), Ferns (Dipteridaceae, Matoniaceae, Osmundaceae and Polypodiales), Equisetaceae, Isoetaceae and Liverworts (Marchantiales).<ref name="FloraArct">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some of the plant remains are relictual genera, like the youngest record of Dicroidium.<ref name=Dicro>Template:Cite journal</ref> Common presence of the invertebrate ichnogenus Planolites indicates the local fluvial, alluvial or lacustrine waters where likely continuous all year, as well the presence of abundant Otozamites trends to suggest high humidity.<ref name="FloraArct"/> Overall points to a setting with strong seasonality in day-length, given the high latitude, perhaps similar to warm-temperate, frost-free forest and open woodland as in North Island of New Zealand. Despite the proper conditions, peat accumulation was rare, mostly due to the influence of local volcanism, alongside with common wildfire activity as shown by charred coalified plant remains.<ref name="FloraArct"/>
ReferencesEdit
<references> <ref name="Holtz2012">Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name="benson2012">Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name="Smithetal2007b">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref> <ref name="smithetal2005">Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name="rich-gang-ham_1997">Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name=chin2013>Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name=sereno1994>Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name="smithetal2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name=nesbitt2009>Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name="hammer&hickerson1994">Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name=leslie>Template:Cite magazine</ref> <ref name="Dodson_Paleoeco">Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name=glut2006>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name=padian>Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name="hammer1998">Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name=glut1999>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name=evans>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name="dodson_97b">Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name=holtz2004>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name="chandler">Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref name=pickrell2004>Template:Cite news</ref> <ref name="Yun2019">Template:Cite journal</ref> </references>
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Transantarctic Vertebrate Paleontology Project, official website for the NSF project conducting research on Cryolophosaurus and related fauna (photos, research information, publication list, geology, project members ...)
- Fryxell Geology Museum (photos, information)
- Field Museum of Natural History (video, information)