Incubator escapee wiki

Cymbidium

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Automatic taxobox

Cymbidium Template:IPAc-en,<ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607</ref> commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial or rarely leafless saprophytic herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural hybrids occurring in the wild from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many cultivars have been developed. The genome of Cymbidium mannii has been sequenced to study epiphytism and crassulacean acid metabolism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Plants in the genus Cymbidium are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the column, or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After pollination a glabrous capsule containing many light coloured seeds is produced.<ref name="Jones">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="China">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ATRFO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Cymbidium aloifolium (labelled).jpg
Labelled image of Cymbidium aloifolium

Taxonomy and namingEdit

The genus Cymbidium was first formally described in 1799 by Olof Swartz who published the description in Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis.<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/><ref name="POWO" /><ref name="Sw.">Template:Cite book</ref> The genus name Cymbidium is means 'little boat-shape', referring to the labellum.<ref name="Sharr">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1848 Blume raised the genus Cyperorchis in Fedde's Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis and moved 19 species and 26 hybrids previously included in Cymbidium to the new genus.<ref name="Fedde">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1984 Christopher Seth and Phillip Cribb divided the genus into three subgenera Cyperorchis, Jensoa, and Cymbidium and each subgenus into sections. In 1988, Dupuy and Cribb modified the sections.<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> The three subgenera were confirmed by molecular phylogeny, however the sections did not show monophyly.<ref name="Yukawa Miyoshi Yokoyama 2021 pp. 129–139">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461">Template:Cite journal</ref>

SpeciesEdit

The following is a list of Cymbidium species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2022 separated into subgenera:<ref name="POWOlist">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Subgenus CymbidiumEdit

Plants in this subgenus have two pollinia, each deeply cleft with callus ridges<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/>

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Cymbidium<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> File:Cymbidium aloifolium.jpg Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. 1799 Guangdong, Hong Kong, China; Bangladesh; eastern Himalayas; Assam. India and Andaman Islands; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Malaysia; Java and Sumatra Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium atropurpurea (2944479728).jpg Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe 1903 Thailand, Central Malaysia, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra and the Philippines Template:Convert
File:硬葉蘭 Cymbidium bicolor -香港嘉道理農場 Kadoorie Farm, Hong Kong- (9261991972).jpg Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. 1833 Southern China, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines Template:Convert
Cymbidium crassifolium Herb. 1838 Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam Template:Convert
File:Plant Orchid Cymbidium finlaysonium P1110626 01.jpg Cymbidium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Lindl. 1833 Indo-China to Malaysia (Malaya, Sumatra) and on to the Philippines Template:Convert
Cymbidium puerense Z.J.Liu & S.R.Lan 2018 China (Yunnan) Template:Convert
Cymbidium rectum Ridl. 1920 S. Thailand, Malaysia, N. Borneo(Sabah) Template:Convert
Section Austrocymbidium Template:Small<ref name="Yukawa Miyoshi Yokoyama 2021 pp. 129–139"/> File:Cymbidium canaliculatum var. sparkesii (6475017029).jpg Cymbidium canaliculatum R.Br. 1810 N. & E. Australia Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium chloranthum fma. alba (Palawan, Philippines) Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 29(Misc.)- 68 (1843) (35834923066).jpg Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl. 1843 Taiwan, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium madidum2.jpg Cymbidium madidum Lindl. 1840 eastern Australia Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium suave (6475018163).jpg Cymbidium suave R.Br. 1810 E. Australia Template:Convert
Section Himantophyllum Template:Small<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> File:Cymbidium dayanum1.jpg Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f 1869 Assam, India; eastern Himalayas; Sikkim; Thailand; Cambodia; Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, China; Vietnam; Borneo; Malaysia; the Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra; Ryukyu Islands and Japan Template:Convert
Cymbidium lii M.Z.Huang, J.M.Yin & G.S.Yang 2017 Hainan China Template:Convert<ref name="HUANG LIU YANG YIN p=289">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Cymbidium viride Sanjeet Kumar 2020 Assam (Manipur) Template:Convert
Section Floribundum Template:Small<ref name="Yukawa Miyoshi Yokoyama 2021 pp. 129–139"/> Cymbidium dianlan H.He 2019 Yunnan Template:Convert
Cymbidium elongatum J.J. Wood, Du Puy & Shim 1988 Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah) Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium-floribundum.jpg Cymbidium floribundum (Rolfe) Y.S. Wu & S.C. Chen 1980 Yunnan China, Taiwan, and Vietnam Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium hartinahianum (Anggrek Tien Soeharto) (cropped).jpg Cymbidium hartinahianum J.B.Comber & Nasution 1978 N. Sumatra Template:Convert
Cymbidium suavissimum Sander ex C.H.Curtis 1928 Myanmar, Guizhou and Yunnan China and Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium viride Kumar 2018 Assam Template:Convert
Section Bigibbarium Template:Small File:A and B Larsen orchids - Cymbidium devonianum DSCN8787.JPG Cymbidium devonianum Paxton 1843 Assam and Meghalaya India, China(Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam Template:Convert
Section Repens Cymbidium repens Aver. & Q.T.Phan 2016 Hoa Binh, Vietnam Template:Convert<ref name="Averyanov Nong Nguyen Maisak 2016 pp. 319–354">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Subgenus CyperorchisEdit

Plants in subgenus Cyberorchis have lips fused at the base to the base of the column.<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/>

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Annamaea Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> File:Cymbidium erythrostylum Orchi 028.jpg Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe 1905 Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium wenshanense Y.S.Wu & F.Y.Liu 1990 Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam Template:Convert
Section Cyperorchis Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> Cymbidium codonanthum Yuting Jiang, Liang Ma & S.Chen 2020 Yunnan, China Template:Convert
Cymbidium cochleare Lindl. 1858 Taiwan; Assam, Sikkim, India; Bhutan; Myanmar Template:Convert
File:莎草蘭 Cymbidium elegans -昆明金殿植物園 Kunming YuanLin Botanic Gardens, China- (9213322721).jpg Cymbidium elegans Lindl. 1828 Yunnan, Xizang, China; Assam, India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Myanmar. Template:Convert
Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J.Sm. 1907 Malaysia, Borneo, Java and Sumatra Template:Convert
Cymbidium whiteae King & Pantl. 1898 India (Sikkim) Template:Convert
Section EburneaTemplate:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> Cymbidium banaense Gagnep. 1951 Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium changningense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2005 Yunnan, China Template:Convert
Cymbidium concinnum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006<ref name="LIU 2006 p=178">Template:Cite journal</ref> Yunnan, China Template:Convert
Cymbidium daweishanense G.Q.Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2018 Yunnan, China Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium eburneum var. longzhouense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 44 179 (2006) (49750191441).jpg Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. 1847 Assam India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Myanmar, Yunnan China and Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium mastersii Griff. ex Lindl. 1845 Assam India, Bhutan, Myanmar, northern Thailand and China Template:Convert
Cymbidium jiangchengense Ying L.Peng, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2019 Yunnan, China Template:Convert
Cymbidium maguanense F.Y.Liu 1996 Southeastern Yunnan, China Template:Convert
Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f. 1874 Myanmar Template:Convert
Cymbidium roseum J.J.Sm. 1905 Malayasian peninsula, Java and Sumatra Template:Convert
Cymbidium wadae T.Yukawa 2002 Thailand
Cymbidium weishanense X.Yu & Z.J.Liu 2021 China (Yunnan) Template:Convert
Section Iridorchis Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> File:Cymbidium erythraeum Orchi 014.jpg Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. 1859 Kumaon, Sikkim, and Assam states of India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang China; and Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium gaoligongense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang 2003 Yunnan, China Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium hookerianum 2.jpg Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f. Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim & Assam India, and Xizang China Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium insigne 6zz.jpg Cymbidium insigne Rolfe 1904 Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan China Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium iridioides.jpg Cymbidium iridioides D. Don 1825 Xizang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of China; Kumaon, Assam, Sikkim, and Meghalaya states of India; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; and Vietnam Template:Convert
File:Flickr - brewbooks - i110405 051.jpg Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. 1879 Burma, Thailand, Yunnan China and Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium motuoense W.Q.Hu, Qinghai Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2021 China (SE Tibet) Template:Convert
Cymbidium sanderae Sander ex Rolfe 1904 Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium seidenfadenii (P.J.Cribb & Du Puy) P.J.Cribb 2014 Thailand Template:Convert
Cymbidium schroederi Rolfe 1905 Yunnan China, Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium sichuanicum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006 Sichuan, China Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium tracyanum 001 GotBot 2016.jpg Cymbidium tracyanum Rolfe 1890 China, Thailand and Myanmar Template:Convert
Cymbidium wilsonii (Rolfe ex De Cock) Rolfe 1904 Southern Yunnan, China and Vietnam
Section Parishiella Template:Small<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/> File:斑舌蘭 Cymbidium tigrinum -比利時國家植物園 Belgium National Botanic Garden- (9255190958).jpg Cymbidium tigrinum Parish ex Hook. f. 1864 West Yunnan China, Myanmar and Assam India Template:Convert

Subgenus JensoaEdit

Plants in this subgenus have four pollinia, in two unequal pairs; lips attached to the base of the column,<ref name="GenusCymbidium"/>

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Axillaria Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> Cymbidium cyperifolium Lindl. 1833 Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan China Template:Convert
Cymbidium shidianense G.Z.Chen, G.Q.Zhang & L.J.Chen 2019 China (Yunnan) Template:Convert
Section Borneense Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> File:Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb., Philipp. J. Sci. 72 486 (1940) (30964049178).jpg Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb 1940 Sulawesi and the Philippines (Luzon, Negro Islands and Nueva Vazcaya) Template:Convert
Cymbidium borneense J.J. Wood 1983 Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah) Template:Convert
Section Geocymbidium Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> Cymbidium biflorens D.Y.Zhang, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020 Yunnan China
File:Cymbidium lancifolium var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) S.S.Ying, Coloured Ill. Indig. Orchids Taiwan 1(2) 439 (1977). (50820511723).jpg Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. 1823 Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Borneo, Java Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra and New Guinea Template:Convert
Cymbidium recurvatum Z.J.Liu, S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb 2009 Yunnan China Template:Convert
Section Jensoa Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> Cymbidium acuminatum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1996 New Guinea Template:Convert
Cymbidium defoliatum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1991 Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China Template:Convert
File:四季桃嬌 Cymbidium ensifolium 'Peach Charm' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12167965154).jpg Cymbidium ensifolium [L]Swartz 1799 Japan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong to Sumatra and Java Template:Convert
Cymbidium formosanum Hayata 1911 Taiwan
File:春蘭朵香黄花 Cymbidium goeringii v forrestii 'Yellow' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12317104044).jpg Cymbidium goeringii [Rchb.f]Rchb.f 1864 India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Korea Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium haematodes '-200201' Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 162 (1833) (50004675837).jpg Cymbidium haematodes Lindl. 1833 Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia and New Guinea Template:Convert
Cymbidium induratifolium Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998 Vietnam
File:寒蘭武夷山蘭 Cymbidium kanran 'Wu-Yi-Shan' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12304130513).jpg Cymbidium kanran Makino 1902 Taiwan, Guangdong, Gunagxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hainan Island provinces of China; Honshu and the Ryuku Islands, Japan; and South Korea Template:Convert
Cymbidium longipes Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998 Vietnam
Cymbidium micranthum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2004 Yunnan, China Template:Convert
Cymbidium munronianum King & Pantl. 1895 Assam India
Cymbidium omeiense Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1966 Sichuan China
Cymbidium qiubeiense K.M.Feng & H.Li 1980 Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium sinense 'Yamagawa Hosai' (Andrews) Willd.- Sp. Pl.- ed. 4- 4- 111 (1805). 20220206 222353.jpg Cymbidium sinense (Andrews) Willd.1805 Guangdong, Hainan，Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Southern Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces of China and Northern Vietnam. Template:Convert
Cymbidium tamphianum Aver. 2018 Lam Dong, Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium sangii Aver. & V.C.Nguyen 2023 Lam Dong, Vietnam Template:Convert
Cymbidium xichouense Xin Y.Xu, C.C.Ding & S.R.Lan Yunnan China Template:Convert
Section Nanula Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> Cymbidium atrolabium X.Y.Liao, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liy 2019 Yunnan China Template:Convert
Cymbidium brevifolium Z.Zhou, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020 Hubei China Template:Convert
File:綠蕙 Cymbidium faberi -香港沙田洋蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (16945121795).jpg Cymbidium faberi Rolfe 1896 Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang provinces of China; Taiwan; Template:Convert
File:珍珠矮 Cymbidium nanulum -香港青松觀蘭花展 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong- (9252405607).jpg Cymbidium nanulum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 2017 Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan provinces of China
Cymbidium purpureisepalum M.J.Zhu & S.R.Lan 2022 Yunnan China Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium goeringii s2.jpg Cymbidium serratum Schltr. 1919 Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan Template:Convert
Cymbidium ledinhhienii Aver., Vuong et V.C. Nguyen 2024 Vietnam (Dak Lak) Template:Convert
Cymbidium sungwookii Aver., Vuong et V.C. Nguyen 2024 Vietnam (Binh Dinh) Template:Convert
Cymbidium teretipetiolatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2002 Yunnan China Template:Convert
File:Cymbidium tortisepalum 菅草蘭 (33355964721).jpg Cymbidium tortisepalum Fukuy. 1934 Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan Template:Convert
Section Pachyrhizanthe Template:Small<ref name="Zhang Chen Chen Zhai 2021 pp. 452–461"/> File:Mayaran.jpg Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. 1833 Pakistan, the Chinese Himalayas, Assam, the eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and Korea Template:Convert
Cymbidium hengbungense A.N. Rao, K. Chowlu, H.B. Sharma, K.S. Thithila & D.S. Thokchom 2016 India (Manipur) Template:Convert

Natural HybridsEdit

DistributionEdit

This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Borneo) and Australia.<ref name=plantnet>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The large flowering species from which the large flowering hybrids are derived usually grow at low altitudes, while short leaved species, from which compact hybrids with small to medium size flowers are derived, are high altitudes lithophytes and epiphytes.<ref name="GenusCymbidium">Template:Cite book</ref>

UsesEdit

Use in horticultureEdit

Cymbidium (abbreviated Cym. in the horticultural trade<ref>Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names, Royal Horticultural Society, 2017 https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf</ref>) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the Jin dynasty from about 200 BCE and by Confucius. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near Template:Cvt.<ref name="ABC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="rhs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="missouri">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and viral diseases.<ref name="missouri" />

Use in cookingEdit

The species Cymbidium hookerianum is considered a delicacy in Bhutan, where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".<ref name="Thapa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Cymbidium&oldid=322620"