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Danish and Norwegian alphabet

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Template:Short description Template:Broader The Danish and Norwegian alphabet is the set of symbols, forming a variant of the Latin alphabet, used for writing the Danish and Norwegian languages. It has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian) and 1948 (Danish):

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Æ Ø Å
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z æ ø å

The letters Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr and Template:Vr are not used in the spelling of indigenous words. They are rarely used in Norwegian, where loan words routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system. Conversely, Danish has a greater tendency to preserve loan words' original spellings. In particular, a Template:Vr that represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is almost never normalized to Template:Vr in Danish, as would most often happen in Norwegian. Many words originally derived from Latin roots retain Template:Vr in their Danish spelling, for example Norwegian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} vs Danish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

The "foreign" letters also sometimes appear in the spelling of otherwise-indigenous family names. For example, many of the Danish families that use the surname {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (meaning 'forest') spell it {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

The difference between the Dano-Norwegian and the Swedish alphabet is that Swedish uses the variant Template:Vr instead of Template:Vr, and the variant Template:Vr instead of Template:Vr, similarly to German. Also, the collating order for these three letters is different in Swedish: Å, Ä, Ö. Template:Vr and Template:Vr are sorted together in all Scandinavian languages, as well as Finnish, and so are Template:Vr and Template:Vr.

Letters and their namesEdit

File:Danish alphabet.ogg
The Danish alphabet read by a Dane.
File:Norwegian Alphabet.wav
The Norwegian alphabet read by a Norwegian.

The below pronunciations of the names of the letters do not necessarily represent how the letters are used to represent sounds. The list includes the number of each letter when following official ordering.

Letter Number Danish name Norwegian name
A a 1 main}} main}}
B b 2 main}} main}}
C c 3 main}} main}}
D d 4 main}} main}}
E e 5 main}} main}}
F f 6 main}} main}}
G g 7 main}} main}}
H h 8 main}} main}}
I i 9 main}} main}}
J j 10 main}} main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
K k 11 main}} main}}
L l 12 main}} main}}
M m 13 main}} main}}
N n 14 main}} main}}
O o 15 main}} main}}
P p 16 main}} main}}
Q q 17 main}} main}}
R r 18 main}} main}}
S s 19 main}} main}}
T t 20 main}} main}}
U u 21 main}} main}}
V v 22 main}} main}}
W w 23 main}}Template:Efn main}}Template:Efn
X x 24 main}} main}}
Y y 25 main}} main}}
Z z 26 main}} main}}
Æ æ 27 main}} main}}
Ø ø 28 main}} main}}
Å å 29 main}} main}}
File:Det norske alfabetet med tre forskjellige R-er.ogg
The Norwegian alphabet read by a Norwegian, with the three most common pronunciations of R.

Template:Notelist

OrderingEdit

DanishEdit

When sorting in alphabetical order in Danish, the numbers provided in the list above is used. Some peculiarities exist, however.

  • The digraph Template:Vr is sorted as if it were Template:Vr, in cases where it represents a single vowel sound. This consequently means that it is sorted like two adjacent cases of Template:Vr when it represents two syllables, e.g. as a result of a compound (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'air conditioner'). It does not matter which vowel sound is represented, meaning that words like {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Afrikaans' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Canaanite' should be sorted as if they have an Template:Vr despite not containing any sounds commonly represented by Template:Vr. If two entries contain exactly the same letters except Template:Vr and Template:Vr, the form with Template:Vr comes first.
  • If two entries only differ in capitalization, but otherwise contain precisely the same letters, the word with capitalization comes first.
  • Accents are not taken into account, except when it is the only difference, in which case the form without an accent comes first.
  • In foreign proper names, the letters Template:Vr are sorted as Template:Vr respectively. In the case of a Danish vs. non-Danish letter being the only difference in the names, the name with a Danish letter comes first.
  • For expressions of multiple words (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), one can choose between ignoring the space or sorting the space, the lack of any letter, first.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DiacriticsEdit

DanishEdit

Danish orthography has no compulsory diacritics, but allows the use of an acute accent ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) for disambiguation. Most often, an accent on Template:Vr marks a stressed syllable in one of a pair of homographs that have different stresses, for example {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'a boy' versus {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'one boy', or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'all, every, everyone' versus {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'avenue'. Less often, any vowel including Template:Vr (where it is however recommended to avoid diacritics) may be accented to indicate stress on the word, as this can disambiguate the meaning of the sentence or ease the reading otherwise. For example: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'I was standing' versus {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'I got out of bed' (i.e. unit accentuation). Alternatively, some of these distinctions can be made using typographical emphasis (italics, underlining). The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} dictionary explicitly allows the use of further diacritics when quoting names from other languages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This also means that the ring above Template:Vr and the strike through Template:Vr are not regarded as diacritics, as these are separate letters.

NorwegianEdit

Nynorsk uses several letters with diacritic signs: Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, and Template:Vr. The diacritic signs are not compulsory,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but can be added to clarify the meaning of words (homonyms) that would otherwise be identical. One example is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("a boy") versus {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("one boy"). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr and Template:Vr,Template:Citation needed following the conventions of the original language. The Norwegian vowels Template:Vr, Template:Vr and Template:Vr never take diacritics.

Bokmål is mostly spelled without diacritic signs. The only exception is one word of Norwegian origin, namely {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, to be distinguished from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (see below) as well as any subsequent compound words, eg {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (coat lining) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (animal feed). There are also a small number of words in Norwegian which use the acute accent. The words are {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (avenue), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (diarrhea), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (cafe), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (idea), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (entrance), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (committee), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (compartment), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (mosque), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (supper), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (trophy) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (discreet).<ref name=":0" /> An acute accent can also be used to differentiate {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (a) from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (one) eg. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (one boy) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (a boy).

The diacritic signs in use include the acute accent, grave accent and the circumflex. A common example of how the diacritics change the meaning of a word, is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (preposition. for or to), {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (verb. went, in the sense left), {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (noun. furrow, only Nynorsk), {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (noun. fodder), {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the circumflex indicating the elision of the edh from the Norse spelling ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (noun lining, as in a garment)

Also used is the cedille, but only on a Template:Vr in loanwords, when pronounced like Template:Vr.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Françoise
  • provençalsk
  • Curaçao

HistoryEdit

The letter Template:Vr (HTML &aring;) was introduced in Norwegian in 1917, replacing Template:Vr. The new letter came from the Swedish alphabet, where it has been in official use since the 16th century.<ref>Pettersson, Gertrud (1996), Svenska språket under sjuhundra år: en historia om svenskan och dess utforskande, Lund: Studentlitteratur, Template:ISBN. P. 139.</ref> Similarly, the letter Template:Vr was introduced in Danish in 1948, but the final decision on its place in the alphabet was not made. The initial proposal was to place it first, before Template:Vr. Its place as the last letter of the alphabet, as in Norwegian, was decided in 1955.<ref>Einar Lundeby: "Bolle-å-ens plass i det danske alfabet" [The placing of Å in the Danish alphabet] in Språknytt, 1995/4. http://www.sprakrad.no/Toppmeny/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/Spraaknytt_1995/Spraaknytt-1995-4/Bolle-aa-ens_plass_i_det_dans/</ref> The former digraph Template:Vr still occurs in personal names, and in Danish geographical names. In Norway, geographical names tend to follow the current orthography, meaning that the letter Template:Vr will be used. Family names may not follow modern orthography, and therefore retain the digraph Template:Vr where Template:Vr would be used today. Template:Vr remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons. Template:Vr is treated like Template:Vr in alphabetical sorting, not like two adjacent letters Template:Vr, meaning that while Template:Vr is the first letter of the alphabet, Template:Vr is the last. In Norwegian (but not in Danish), this rule does not apply to non-Scandinavian names, so a modern atlas would list the German city of Aachen under Template:Vr, but list the Danish town of Aabenraa under Template:Vr. In Danish, the Template:Vr rule is applied, as long as it denotes one sound, for example German Aachen or Dutch kraal, but if it denotes 2 sounds like in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (extra work), the two Template:Vrs are sorted as two.

In current Danish and Norwegian, Template:Vr is recognized as a separate letter from Template:Vr. In Danish, the transition was made in 1980Template:Citation needed; before that, the Template:Vr was merely considered to be a variation of the letter Template:Vr and words using it were sometimes alphabetized accordingly (e.g., Wandel, Vandstad, Wanscher, Varberg in Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 1904).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Danish version of the Alphabet song still states that the alphabet has 28 letters; the last line reads {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("that makes twenty-eight"). However, today, the letter Template:Vr is considered an official letter.

Computing standardsEdit

File:Illuminated keyboard 2.JPG
Danish keyboard with keys for Template:Vr, Template:Vr, and Template:Vr. On Norwegian keyboards, Template:Vr and Template:Vr trade places, having the corresponding places of Template:Vr and Template:Vr in the Swedish keyboard.

In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet:

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Danish language Template:Norwegian language Template:Language orthographies

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