Demographics of Madagascar
Template:Short description Template:Infobox place demographics
Demographic features of the population of Madagascar include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Madagascar's population is predominantly of mixed Austronesian and East-African origin.
Since the country's independence in 1960, three general census of population and dwellings (RGPH) have been conducted by the national statistics office INSTAT under the supervision of the ministry of economy. The first census in 1975 counted 7.4 million Malagasy people, the second one in 1993 censused 12.3 million citizens and the 18h May to 10 June 2018 census numbered 25 674 186 inhabitants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PopulationEdit
The problem with population estimation in Madagascar is that data is very old and limited. The last population census was carried out in 1993, after an initial 1975 census. There was an attempt at a census in 2009, but this attempt ultimately failed due to political instability. Therefore, the demographic situation is inferred but reliability of any estimates from any source has a large margin of error. According to Template:UN Population the total population was Template:UN Population in Template:UN Population, compared to only 4,084,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 43.1%, 53.8% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.1% was 65 years or older.<ref name="WPP 2010">Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Template:Webarchive</ref>
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2019) (Unrevised data. Data refer to projections based on the 1993 Population Census.):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 12 668 593 | 12 919 924 | 25 588 517 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 0–4 | 2 140 990 | 2 208 330 | 4 349 320 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 5–9 | 2 046 090 | 2 055 178 | 4 101 267 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 10–14 | 1 787 232 | 1 715 544 | 3 502 776 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 15–19 | 1 395 251 | 1 354 185 | 2 749 436 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 20–24 | 894 670 | 1 035 834 | 1 930 504 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 25–29 | 791 824 | 871 146 | 1 662 969 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 30–34 | 723 266 | 769 648 | 1 492 914 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 35–39 | 657 405 | 701 492 | 1 358 897 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 40–44 | 529 353 | 577 400 | 1 106 753 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 45–49 | 499 305 | 520 776 | 1 020 081 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 50–54 | 446 371 | 379 375 | 825 746 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 55–59 | 292 937 | 246 664 | 539 601 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 60–64 | 163 388 | 178 418 | 341 806 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 65-69 | 111 931 | 108 062 | 219 993 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 70-74 | 91 962 | 89 849 | 181 811 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 75-79 | 53 430 | 56 044 | 109 474 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 80-84 | 29 565 | 33 412 | 62 977 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 85+ | 13 625 | 18 568 | 32 193 | Template:Percentage bar |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 5 974 312 | 5 979 052 | 11 953 364 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 15–64 | 6 393 768 | 6 634 937 | 13 028 705 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 65+ | 300 513 | 305 935 | 606 448 | Template:Percentage bar |
UN population projectionsEdit
UN medium variant projections:<ref name="WPP 2010"/>
| Year | Projected population |
|---|---|
| 2015 | 23,852,000 |
| 2020 | 27,365,000 |
| 2025 | 31,217,000 |
| 2030 | 35,333,000 |
| 2035 | 39,643,000 |
| 2040 | 44,132,000 |
| 2045 | 48,782,000 |
| 2050 | 53,561,000 |
| 2060 | 65,280,000 |
Vital statisticsEdit
Registration of vital events in Madagascar is not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.
| Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBRTemplate:Efn-lr | CDRTemplate:Efn-lr | NCTemplate:Efn-lr | TFRTemplate:Efn-lr | IMRTemplate:Efn-lr | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 192,000 | 96,000 | 96,000 | 48.6 | 24.4 | 24.2 | 7.30 | 140.1 | |
| 1951 | 196,000 | 99,000 | 98,000 | 48.5 | 24.3 | 24.1 | 7.30 | 138.8 | |
| 1952 | 201,000 | 100,000 | 101,000 | 48.4 | 24.2 | 24.3 | 7.30 | 137.4 | |
| 1953 | 206,000 | 102,000 | 104,000 | 48.4 | 23.9 | 24.5 | 7.30 | 135.5 | |
| 1954 | 211,000 | 103,000 | 108,000 | 48.4 | 23.7 | 24.7 | 7.30 | 133.4 | |
| 1955 | 216,000 | 104,000 | 111,000 | 48.3 | 23.3 | 24.9 | 7.30 | 131.2 | |
| 1956 | 221,000 | 106,000 | 115,000 | 48.2 | 23.1 | 25.1 | 7.30 | 130.0 | |
| 1957 | 226,000 | 107,000 | 119,000 | 48.1 | 22.7 | 25.4 | 7.30 | 128.4 | |
| 1958 | 231,000 | 108,000 | 123,000 | 47.9 | 22.3 | 25.6 | 7.30 | 126.7 | |
| 1959 | 236,000 | 109,000 | 127,000 | 47.6 | 22.0 | 25.7 | 7.30 | 124.9 | |
| 1960 | 240,000 | 109,000 | 131,000 | 47.3 | 21.5 | 25.8 | 7.30 | 122.9 | |
| 1961 | 245,000 | 110,000 | 135,000 | 47.0 | 21.1 | 25.9 | 7.30 | 121.4 | |
| 1962 | 250,000 | 111,000 | 139,000 | 46.7 | 20.7 | 26.0 | 7.30 | 119.5 | |
| 1963 | 255,000 | 112,000 | 143,000 | 46.5 | 20.4 | 26.1 | 7.31 | 117.9 | |
| 1964 | 261,000 | 112,000 | 148,000 | 46.3 | 20.0 | 26.4 | 7.31 | 116.4 | |
| 1965 | 267,000 | 114,000 | 153,000 | 46.1 | 19.7 | 26.5 | 7.31 | 114.9 | |
| 1966 | 275,000 | 115,000 | 160,000 | 46.4 | 19.4 | 27.0 | 7.31 | 113.8 | |
| 1967 | 284,000 | 116,000 | 168,000 | 46.6 | 19.0 | 27.6 | 7.30 | 112.0 | |
| 1968 | 294,000 | 117,000 | 177,000 | 46.9 | 18.6 | 28.2 | 7.30 | 109.8 | |
| 1969 | 305,000 | 118,000 | 187,000 | 47.2 | 18.3 | 28.9 | 7.29 | 107.3 | |
| 1970 | 317,000 | 119,000 | 197,000 | 47.6 | 18.0 | 29.7 | 7.27 | 105.8 | |
| 1971 | 331,000 | 121,000 | 210,000 | 48.4 | 17.7 | 30.7 | 7.25 | 103.9 | |
| 1972 | 341,000 | 123,000 | 218,000 | 48.3 | 17.4 | 30.9 | 7.22 | 101.6 | |
| 1973 | 349,000 | 124,000 | 225,000 | 47.9 | 17.0 | 30.9 | 7.19 | 99.8 | |
| 1974 | 356,000 | 125,000 | 231,000 | 47.5 | 16.7 | 30.8 | 7.15 | 98.8 | |
| 1975 | 364,000 | 127,000 | 237,000 | 47.2 | 16.5 | 30.7 | 7.10 | 98.4 | |
| 1976 | 373,000 | 131,000 | 243,000 | 46.9 | 16.4 | 30.5 | 7.04 | 99.7 | |
| 1977 | 383,000 | 134,000 | 249,000 | 46.7 | 16.3 | 30.3 | 6.98 | 100.9 | |
| 1978 | 392,000 | 137,000 | 255,000 | 46.4 | 16.3 | 30.1 | 6.90 | 102.0 | |
| 1979 | 400,000 | 141,000 | 259,000 | 46.0 | 16.2 | 29.8 | 6.81 | 103.1 | |
| 1980 | 406,000 | 145,000 | 262,000 | 45.4 | 16.2 | 29.2 | 6.73 | 104.2 | |
| 1981 | 412,000 | 149,000 | 263,000 | 44.8 | 16.2 | 28.6 | 6.64 | 105.4 | |
| 1982 | 422,000 | 153,000 | 269,000 | 44.5 | 16.2 | 28.4 | 6.55 | 106.5 | |
| 1983 | 431,000 | 157,000 | 273,000 | 44.2 | 16.1 | 28.1 | 6.48 | 107.3 | |
| 1984 | 442,000 | 161,000 | 280,000 | 44.1 | 16.1 | 28.0 | 6.41 | 107.4 | |
| 1985 | 453,000 | 164,000 | 289,000 | 44.0 | 16.0 | 28.1 | 6.35 | 106.9 | |
| 1986 | 463,000 | 167,000 | 296,000 | 43.8 | 15.8 | 28.0 | 6.31 | 105.7 | |
| 1987 | 481,000 | 169,000 | 312,000 | 44.1 | 15.5 | 28.6 | 6.29 | 103.8 | |
| 1988 | 495,000 | 171,000 | 325,000 | 44.2 | 15.2 | 29.0 | 6.21 | 101.4 | |
| 1989 | 510,000 | 171,000 | 339,000 | 44.2 | 14.9 | 29.4 | 6.18 | 98.5 | |
| 1990 | 529,000 | 172,000 | 357,000 | 44.5 | 14.5 | 30.0 | 6.16 | 95.5 | |
| 1991 | 544,000 | 172,000 | 372,000 | 44.4 | 14.0 | 30.4 | 6.12 | 92.7 | |
| 1992 | 560,000 | 172,000 | 388,000 | 44.3 | 13.6 | 30.7 | 6.08 | 90.0 | |
| 1993 | 577,000 | 170,000 | 407,000 | 44.3 | 13.1 | 31.3 | 6.04 | 87.1 | |
| 1994 | 595,000 | 171,000 | 424,000 | 44.3 | 12.7 | 31.6 | 5.99 | 84.5 | |
| 1995 | 613,000 | 172,000 | 441,000 | 44.2 | 12.4 | 31.8 | 5.95 | 81.8 | |
| 1996 | 627,000 | 172,000 | 455,000 | 43.8 | 12.0 | 31.7 | 5.89 | 79.0 | |
| 1997 | 638,000 | 171,000 | 467,000 | 43.2 | 11.6 | 31.6 | 5.80 | 76.1 | |
| 1998 | 645,000 | 169,000 | 476,000 | 42.3 | 11.1 | 31.2 | 5.68 | 73.1 | |
| 1999 | 653,000 | 169,000 | 483,000 | 41.5 | 10.8 | 30.7 | 5.55 | 70.3 | |
| 2000 | 655,000 | 168,000 | 487,000 | 40.4 | 10.4 | 30.0 | 5.40 | 67.8 | |
| 2001 | 665,000 | 167,000 | 498,000 | 39.8 | 10.0 | 29.8 | 5.32 | 64.9 | |
| 2002 | 673,000 | 168,000 | 505,000 | 39.1 | 9.7 | 29.3 | 5.23 | 62.6 | |
| 2003 | 685,000 | 167,000 | 519,000 | 38.7 | 9.4 | 29.3 | 5.17 | 60.2 | |
| 2004 | 699,000 | 165,000 | 533,000 | 38.3 | 9.1 | 29.2 | 5.13 | 58.0 | |
| 2005 | 715,000 | 166,000 | 549,000 | 38.0 | 8.8 | 29.2 | 5.10 | 55.8 | |
| 2006 | 731,000 | 164,000 | 567,000 | 37.8 | 8.5 | 29.3 | 5.06 | 53.9 | |
| 2007 | 746,000 | 165,000 | 582,000 | 37.4 | 8.3 | 29.2 | 5.00 | 52.0 | |
| 2008 | 760,000 | 165,000 | 595,000 | 37.1 | 8.1 | 29.0 | 4.93 | 50.2 | |
| 2009 | 776,000 | 165,000 | 611,000 | 36.7 | 7.8 | 28.9 | 4.87 | 48.6 | |
| 2010 | 783,000 | 168,000 | 616,000 | 36.0 | 7.7 | 28.3 | 4.76 | 47.1 | |
| 2011 | 784,000 | 166,000 | 618,000 | 35.1 | 7.4 | 27.6 | 4.61 | 45.8 | |
| 2012 | 787,000 | 170,000 | 618,000 | 34.3 | 7.4 | 26.9 | 4.47 | 44.6 | |
| 2013 | 795,000 | 170,000 | 625,000 | 33.7 | 7.2 | 26.5 | 4.36 | 43.4 | |
| 2014 | 801,000 | 171,000 | 630,000 | 33.1 | 7.1 | 26.0 | 4.25 | 42.3 | |
| 2015 | 814,000 | 175,000 | 639,000 | 32.8 | 7.0 | 25.7 | 4.18 | 41.3 | |
| 2016 | 836,000 | 174,000 | 662,000 | 32.8 | 6.8 | 25.9 | 4.16 | 40.3 | |
| 2017 | 850,000 | 178,000 | 672,000 | 32.5 | 6.8 | 25.7 | 4.11 | 39.3 | |
| 2018 | 862,000 | 181,000 | 681,000 | 32.1 | 6.7 | 25.4 | 4.04 | 38.2 | |
| 2019 | 948,000 | 212,000 | 736,000 | 33.6 | 7.5 | 26.1 | 4.22 | 45.2 | |
| 2020 | 964,000 | 228,000 | 737,000 | 33.3 | 7.9 | 25.4 | 4.17 | 45.2 | |
| 2021 | 977,000 | 236,000 | 741,000 | 32.9 | 7.9 | 25.0 | 4.10 | 45.2 | |
| 2022 | 989,000 | 235,000 | 754,000 | 32.5 | 7.7 | 24.8 | 4.04 | 45.1 | |
| 2023 | 1,001,000 | 235,000 | 766,000 | 32.1 | 7.5 | 24.6 | 3.97 | 45.0 | |
| Template:Notelist-lr | |||||||||
Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022<ref>Template:Cite UN WPP</ref>
Demographic and Health SurveysEdit
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Year | Total | Urban | Rural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBR | TFR | CBR | TFR | CBR | TFR | |
| 1992 | 43.3 | 6.13 (5.2) | 34.2 | 3.84 (3.0) | 45.1 | 6.69 (5.8) |
| 1997 | 42.3 | 5.97 (5.2) | 34.5 | 4.19 (3.8) | 45.0 | 6.66 (5.8) |
| 2003–04 | 35.3 | 5.2 (4.7) | 28.7 | 3.7 (3.4) | 37.2 | 5.7 (5.1) |
| 2008–09 | 33.4 | 4.8 (4.2) | 24.8 | 2.9 (2.5) | 34.8 | 5.2 (4.5) |
| 2011 | 34.9 | 5.2 | 23.7 | 3.0 | 36.0 | 5.4 |
| 2013 | 30.6 | 4.4 | 24.0 | 3.0 | 31.2 | 4.5 |
| 2016 | 30.9 | 4.1 | 23.8 | 2.7 | 31.7 | 4.3 |
| 2021 | 32.3 | 4.3 (3.8) | 27.6 | 3.2 (2.8) | 33.4 | 4.6 (4.1) |
Fertility data as of 2008-2009 (DHS Program):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:GraphChart Template:GraphChart Template:GraphChart
| Region | Total fertility rate | Percentage of women age 15–49 currently pregnant | Mean number of children ever born to women age 40–49 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Analamanga | 3.4 | 5.7 | 4.3 |
| Vakinankaratra | 5.3 | 7.4 | 6.0 |
| Itasy | 5.5 | 6.7 | 6.9 |
| Bongolava | 3.8 | 6.9 | 5.4 |
| Haute Matsiatra | 6.4 | 7.5 | 6.8 |
| Amoron'i Mania | 6.1 | 5.3 | 6.7 |
| Vatovavy Fitovinany | 6.5 | 10.3 | 6.5 |
| Ihorombe | 5.9 | 10.6 | 5.5 |
| Atsimo Atsinanana | 6.3 | 11.4 | 6.0 |
| Atsinanana | 3.0 | 9.2 | 4.1 |
| Analanjirofo | 4.6 | 6.6 | 5.7 |
| Alaotra Mangoro | 5.0 | 9.1 | 5.5 |
| Boeny | 4.5 | 9.1 | 4.9 |
| Sofia | 4.4 | 10.7 | 5.9 |
| Betsiboka | 4.7 | 10.5 | 6.1 |
| Melaky | 4.7 | 12.2 | 5.5 |
| Atsimo Andrefana | 6.2 | 13.2 | 6.3 |
| Androy | 6.4 | 10.8 | 5.6 |
| Anosy | 5.5 | 8.6 | 5.7 |
| Menabe | 4.8 | 11.3 | 5.9 |
| Diana | 3.7 | 6.8 | 4.9 |
| Sava | 4.5 | 6.3 | 5.0 |
Life expectancyEdit
| Period | Life expectancy in Years |
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950–1955 | 36.3 | 1985–1990 | 49.9 |
| 1955–1960 | 38.8 | 1990–1995 | 52.7 |
| 1960–1965 | 41.2 | 1995–2000 | 56.7 |
| 1965–1970 | 43.5 | 2000–2005 | 60.0 |
| 1970–1975 | 46.0 | 2005–2010 | 62.2 |
| 1975–1980 | 48.1 | 2010–2015 | 64.5 |
| 1980–1985 | 49.7 |
Source: UN World Population Prospects<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EthnicityEdit
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The island of Madagascar is predominantly populated by people broadly classified as belonging to the Malagasy ethno-linguistic group. This group is further subdivided a number of ethnic groups, often into the standard eighteen. In addition, communities of Indians, Arabs and Somalis in Madagascar have long been established on the island and have assimilated into local communities to varying degrees, in some places having long since become identified "Malagasy" ethnic groups, and in others maintaining distinct identities and cultural separation. More recent arrivals include Europeans and Chinese immigrants.
Madagascar was probably uninhabited prior to Austronesian settlement in the early centuries AD. Austronesian (particularly Malay) features are most predominant in the central highlands peoples, while coastal peoples are phenotypically more East African, sometimes with minor Arab, Somali, European and Indian admixtures. The largest coastal groups are the Betsimisaraka (1,500,000) and the Tsimihety and Sakalava (700,000 each). Malagasy society has long been polarized between the politically and economically advantaged highlanders of the central plateaux and the people along the coast. For example, in the 1970s there was widespread opposition among coastal ethnics against the policy of "Malagasization" which intended to phase out the use of the French language in public life in favour of a more prominent position for the Malagasy language, whose orthography is based on the Merina dialect.
Indians in Madagascar descend mostly from traders who arrived in the newly independent nation looking for better opportunities. The majority of them came from the west coast of India known as Karana (Muslim) and Banian (Hindu). The majority speak Hindi or Gujarati, although some other Indian languages are also spoken. Template:As of the younger generations speak at least three languages, including French, Gujarati and Malagasy. A large number of the Indians in Madagascar have a high level of education, particularly the younger generation.Template:Citation needed
A sizeable number of Europeans also reside in Madagascar, mostly of French descent.
LanguagesEdit
Malagasy (official, and national language), French (official).
ReligionEdit
Template:Further Template:See also Template:Pie chart
According to the 1993 national census, 41% of Malagasies practised Christianity and 52% practise traditional religion,<ref name=BGNote>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which tends to emphasize links between the living and the razana (ancestors); by 2020, only 4.5% of Malagasies exclusively practised folk religions and 85% were Christian (according to the Pew Research Center).<ref name=pew>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Association of Religion Data Archives noted that in 2020, 58.1% of the population is Christian, 2.1% is Muslim and 39.2% practices traditional faiths, while 0.6% of the population is non-religious or adheres to other faiths.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Madagascar's traditional religions tend to emphasize links between the living and the dead. They believe that the dead join their ancestors in the ranks of divinity and that ancestors are intensely concerned with the fate of their living descendants. This spiritual communion is celebrated by the Merina and Betsileo reburial practice of famadihana, or "turning over the dead". In this ritual, relatives' remains are removed from the family tomb, rewrapped in new silk shrouds, and returned to the tomb following festive ceremonies in their honor. In the festivities, they eat, drink, and literally dance with the dead. After one or two days of celebrating, they shower the body with gifts and rebury it.
Malagasy Christians are roughly 50% Catholic and 50% Protestant (mainly Reformed Protestant Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar (FJKM), Lutheran, and Anglican) or Roman Catholic, but there are also smaller groups such as members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists, Eastern Orthodox Christians and evangelicals.<ref name="US State Dept 2022 report">US State Dept 2022 report</ref> Many incorporate the cult of the dead with their other religious beliefs and bless their dead at church before proceeding with the traditional burial rites. They also may invite a pastor to attend a famadihana. A historical rivalry exists between the predominantly Catholic masses, considered to be underprivileged, and the predominantly Protestant Merina aristocrats, who tend to prevail in the civil service, business, and professions.
Followers of Islam constitute approximately 3% of the population in 2022, according to the US Department of State;<ref name="US State Dept 2022 report"/> there are also small numbers of Hindus and Jews.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had more than 13,000 members in 42 congregations in Madagascar in 2013.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
A small community started practicing Judaism in 2010, and formally converted in 2016 with the assistance of Kulanu, a nonprofit organization focusing on remote Jewish communities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
<references />Template:Sister project
See alsoEdit
- Matthew E. Hules, et al. (2005). The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages. American Journal of Human Genetics, 76:894-901, 2005.
Template:Ethnic groups in Madagascar Template:Africa in topic