Demotic Greek

Demotic Greek (Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Template:Lit) is the standard spoken language of Greece in modern times and, since the resolution of the Greek language question in 1976, the official language of Greece.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "Demotic Greek" (with a capital D) contrasts with the conservative Katharevousa, which was used in formal settings, during the same period. In that context, Demotic Greek describes the specific non-standardized vernacular forms of Greek used by the vast majority of Greeks during the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As is typical of diglossic situations, Katharevousa and Demotic complemented and influenced each other. Over time, Demotic became standardized. In 1976, it was made the official language of Greece. It continued to evolve and is now called Standard Modern Greek. The term "demotic Greek" (with a minuscule d) also refers to any variety of the Greek language which has evolved naturally from Ancient Greek and is popularly spoken.

Basic features

Demotic Greek differs in a few ways from Ancient Greek and from subsequent learned forms of Greek. Syntactically, it favours parataxis over subordination. It also heavily employs redundancy, such as Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (small little-girl) and Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (he-went-back-to-sleep again). Demotic also employs the diminutive with great frequency,<ref name="pringpocket"/>Template:Rp to the point that many Demotic forms are in effect neuter diminutives of ancient words, especially irregular ones, e.g. Template:Wikt-lang from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (island) from ancient Template:Wikt-lang (island).

Greek noun declensions underwent considerable alteration, with irregular and less productive forms being gradually regularized (e.g. ancient {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} being replaced by {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (man)). Another feature is the merging of classical accusative and nominative forms: They are only distinguished in Demotic by their definite articles, which continued to be declined as in Ancient Greek. This was especially common with nouns of the third declension, such as Template:Wikt-lang (hometown, fatherland) which became nominative {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, accusative {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Demotic.<ref name= "pringpocket"/>Template:Rp

A result of this regularization of noun forms in Demotic is that most native words end in a vowel, s ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), or n ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Thus, the set of possible word-final sounds is even more restricted than in Ancient Greek. Exceptions are foreign loans like {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (bar), learned forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (from Ancient Greek Template:Wikt-lang, water), and exclamations like Template:Wikt-lang (ach!, oh!). Many dialects even append the vowel -e ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) to third-person verb forms: Template:Wikt-lang instead of Template:Wikt-lang (they write). Word-final consonant clusters are also rare, again mainly occurring in learned discourse and via foreign loans: Template:Wikt-lang (coal – scientific) and Template:Wikt-lang (boxing – sport).<ref name="comprehensivegreek">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

The indirect object is usually expressed by prepending the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to the accusative<ref name="pringpocket" />Template:Rp Template:Clarify spanTemplate:Citation needed or genitive<ref name="pringpocket" />Template:Rp (especially with regard to means or instrument).Template:Citation needed Bare {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used without the article to express an indefinite duration of time, or contracted with the definite article for definiteness (especially with regard to place where or motion toward).Template:Citation needed Template:Clarify spanTemplate:Citation needed By contrast, Katharevousa continued to employ the older {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in place of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Citation needed

The verb system inherited from Ancient Greek gradually evolved. The perfect, pluperfect, future perfect, and past conditional tenses were gradually replaced with conjugated forms of the verb {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (I have).<ref name="pringpocket" />Template:Rp The future tense and the subjunctive and optative moods, and eventually the infinitive, were replaced by the modal/tense auxiliaries {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Citation needed used with either the simplified or fused future/subjunctive forms.<ref name="pringpocket"/>Template:Rp In contrast to this, Katharevousa employed older perfective forms and infinitives that had been mostly lost in the spoken language.Template:Citation needed However, Katharevousa did sometimes employ the same aorist or perfective forms as the spoken language, but preferred an archaizing form of the present indicative, e.g. Template:Wikt-lang for Demotic Template:Wikt-lang (I hide), which both have the same aorist form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="pringpocket"/>Template:Rp

Demotic Greek also borrowed a significant number of words from other languages, including Italian and Turkish, something which Katharevousa avoided.Template:Citation needed

Demotic and Modern Greek

Demotic as "Standard Modern Greek"

Demotic is commonly used interchangeably with "Standard Modern Greek" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Nonetheless, these terms are not necessarily synonyms. While today's Standard Modern Greek is fundamentally a continuation of earlier Demotic, it also contains—especially in its written form and formal registers—numerous words, grammatical forms, and phonetical features that did not exist in the most "pure" and consistent forms of Demotic during the period of diglossia in Greece. Due to these admixtures, it could even be described as a product of a "merger" between earlier Demotic and Katharevousa.<ref name=":0" />

Furthermore, in a broader sense, the Greek term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) can also describe any naturally evolved colloquial language of the Greeks, not just that of the period of diglossia.

Modern features that did not exist in Demotic

The following examples are intended to demonstrate Katharevousa features in Modern Greek. They were not present in traditional Demotic and only entered the modern language through Katharevousa (sometimes as neologisms), where they are used mostly in writing (for instance, in newspapers), but also orally, especially words and fixed expressions are both understood and actively used also by non-educated speakers. In some cases, the Demotic form is used for literal or practical meanings, while the Katharevousa is used for figurative or specialized meanings: e.g. Template:Wikt-lang for the wing or feather of a bird, but Template:Wikt-lang for the wing of a building or airplane or arm of an organisation.<ref name="pringpocket"/>Template:RpTemplate:Rp

Words and fixed expressions

• Template:Wikt-lang (interesting)
• Template:Wikt-lang (at least)
• Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (he abducted her)Template:Clarification needed
• Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang ... (it is a fact that ...)
• Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (for now)
• Template:Wikt-lang (figurative, I wash my hands [of him, her, it]); adapted from the Ancient Greek phrase describing Pontius Pilate washing his hands at Matthew 27:24; for actual hand-washing, the Demotic phrase is Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang.<ref name="pringpocket">Pring, J.T. The Pocket Oxford Greek Dictionary. (New York: 1965 & 1982; 2000 ed.)</ref>Template:Rp

Special dative forms:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (thank God)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (in the name [of] ...)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (in cash)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (following)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (meanwhile)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (in ignorance [of])
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (moreover)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (working, literally on the deed)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (percent, literally in a hundred)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (with [one's] own hands)

Grammatical (morphological) features

• Adjectives ending in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} interesting) or in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} thoughtful) - mostly in written language.
• Declinable aorist participle, e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (having delivered), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ([having been] born) - mostly in written language.
• Reduplication in the perfect. E.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (invited), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (obsolete)

Phonological features

Modern Greek features many letter combinations that were avoided in traditional Demotic:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "misdemeanor"); Demotic preferred {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "to err; to be guilty")
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "building, structure"); Demotic preferred {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "(stone)mason"]
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "falsity, lie"); Demotic preferred {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "liar")
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "I was sufficed / satisfied"); Demotic preferred {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "yesterday"); Demotic preferred {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}]
• etc.

Native Greek speakers, depending upon their level of education, may often make mistakes in these "educated" aspects of their language; one can often see mistakes like {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (I've been promoted), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Not a typo), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (the interesting person), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (the interesting women), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (the vote). Template:Citation needed

Radical demoticism

One of the most radical proponents of a language that was to be cleansed of all "educated" elements was Giannis Psycharis, who lived in France and gained fame through his work My Voyage ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1888). Not only did Psycharis propagate the exclusive use of the naturally grown colloquial language, but he actually opted for simplifying the morphology of Katharevousa forms prescription.Template:Citation needed

For instance, Psycharis proposed changing the form of the neuter noun "light" {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (gen. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) into {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (gen. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Such radical forms had occasional precedent in Renaissance attempts to write in Demotic, and reflected Psycharis' linguistic training as a Neogrammarian, mistrusting the possibility of exceptions in linguistic evolution. Moreover, Psycharis also advocated spelling reform, which would have meant abolishing most of the six different ways to write the vowel /i/ and all instances of double consonants. Therefore, he wrote his own name as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Citation needed

As written and spoken Demotic became standardized over the next few decades, many compromises were made with Katharevousa (as is reflected in contemporary standard Greek) despite the loud objections of Psycharis and the radical "psycharist" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) camp within the proponents of Demotic's use. Eventually these ideas of radical demoticism were largely marginalized and when a standardized Demotic was made the official language of the Greek state in 1976, the legislation stated that it would be used "without dialectal and extremist forms"—an explicit rejection of Psycharis' ideals.<ref name= "demoticlaw">Template:Cite Greek law

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

"Modern Greek language means the Demotic shaped into a pan-Hellenic instrument of expression by the Greek People and the esteemed writers of the Nation, coherent, without peculiar and extreme forms."{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

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