Deutsche Bank Center
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Deutsche Bank Center (also known as One Columbus Circle and formerly Time Warner Center) is a mixed-use building on Columbus Circle in Manhattan, New York City, United States. The building occupies the western side of Columbus Circle and straddles the border between Hell's Kitchen and the Upper West Side. It was developed by The Related Companies and Apollo Global Management, and designed by David Childs and Mustafa Kemal Abadan of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
Deutsche Bank Center features twin Template:Convert towers, connected by a multi-story atrium. The building has a total floor area of Template:Convert. It contains office space, residential condominiums, the Mandarin Oriental, New York hotel, and the Jazz at Lincoln Center entertainment venue. The Shops at Columbus Circle shopping mall is placed at the base of the building, with a large Whole Foods Market grocery store on the lower level.
The building was built on the site of the New York Coliseum, formerly New York City's main convention center. Plans for the project, then known as Columbus Center, were approved in 1998. Construction began in November 2000 and a topping-out ceremony was held in 2003; the project was known as AOL Time Warner Center during construction, but the "AOL" name was dropped before opening. Time Warner Center officially opened on February 5, 2004. Deutsche Bank replaced WarnerMedia as the anchor tenant of the Template:Convert office area in May 2021 and it was renamed Deutsche Bank Center.
SiteEdit
The center is on the west side of Columbus Circle, on the border of Hell's Kitchen and the Upper West Side, in Manhattan, New York City, United States.<ref name="ZoLa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="AIA5 p. 310">Template:Harvnb</ref> It occupies an irregular plot of land bounded by 60th Street to the north, the Coliseum Park apartment complex to the west, and 58th Street to the south. The eastern boundary consists of Eighth Avenue, Columbus Circle, and Broadway from south to north. The land lot covers Template:Convert, with a frontage of Template:Convert on Columbus Circle and a depth of Template:Convert.<ref name="ZoLa" /> Deutsche Bank Center's primary address is 1 Columbus Circle.<ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2021" /> The building also uses the addresses 25 Columbus Circle for its south tower and 80 Columbus Circle for the north tower.<ref name="nyt20030727">Template:Cite news</ref>
The building is near Trump International Hotel and Tower to the northeast, Central Park to the east, 2 Columbus Circle and 240 Central Park South to the southeast, and Central Park Place to the south.<ref name="ZoLa" /> Entrances to the New York City Subway's 59th Street–Columbus Circle station, served by the Template:NYCS trains, are directly outside the building.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As part of the construction of what was then Time Warner Center, the existing subway staircase was refurbished and an elevator was added to the subway entrance. Because the building did not include a zoning bonus, the developers did not need to fund a renovation of the subway station, as Hearst Communications was obligated to do when it built Hearst Tower one block south.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Deutsche Bank Center occupies the site of the New York Coliseum,<ref name="AIA5 p. 311">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name=":32"/> which itself replaced two city blocks bounded by Columbus Circle, 60th Street, Ninth Avenue, and 58th Street.<ref name="LJ p. 87">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Coliseum opened in 1956 as New York City's main convention center,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite New York 1960</ref> being superseded by the Javits Center in the 1980s.<ref name=":32">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 748">Template:Harvnb</ref> Around the same time, the area around Columbus Circle was being redeveloped, in part because of the Coliseum's success.<ref name="nyt20000220">Template:Cite news</ref> This prompted the Coliseum's owner, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), to place the building up for sale in 1985.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 748" /><ref name="p111297617">Template:Cite news</ref> An agreement on the site's redevelopment was not finalized until 1998,<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 762">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="nyt19980730">Template:Cite news</ref> and designs for the Coliseum replacement itself were not in place until 1999.<ref name="nyt20000220" /> This was in part due to disagreements over the site, as well as a weak economy in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="LJ p. 88">Template:Harvnb</ref>
ArchitectureEdit
Deutsche Bank Center was designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM),<ref name="AIA5 p. 310" /> working with T. J. Gottesdiener<ref name="nyt200006282" /> and Mustafa K. Abadan of the same firm.<ref name="enc-nyc">Template:Cite enc-nyc</ref> Specific portions of the interior were designed by different architects.<ref name="nyt200006282">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 762-763">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="p200357445">Template:Cite magazine</ref> AOL Time Warner, Apollo Global Management, Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group, Palladium Company, and the Related Companies were the developers.<ref name="n84705593">Template:Cite news</ref> Stephen M. Ross, CEO of the Related Companies, said that SOM had been selected since they "create great architecture but also speak the language of business".<ref name="Kubany p. 204">Template:Harvnb</ref> Bovis Lend Lease was the construction manager for much of the interior, including mechanical systems.<ref name="nyt20020303" /><ref name="LJ p. 92">Template:Harvnb</ref> Another 80 to 100 subcontractors were also hired for different parts of construction.<ref name="nyt20020303">Template:Cite news</ref>
Deutsche Bank Center includes towers to the north and south, joined at the base.<ref name="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Emporis">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The building is split into eight different ownership units: the basement parking garage, the Shops at Columbus Circle mall, Jazz at Lincoln Center's facilities, the original AOL Time Warner office space, the six other office stories, the condominium units in the north and south towers, and the Mandarin Oriental New York hotel.<ref name="nyt20010520" /> The building has about Template:Convert of interior space in total.<ref name="Emporis" /><ref name="AR 2004-03">Template:Cite magazine</ref> About Template:Convert of mechanical and underground space is not counted under zoning law.<ref name="nyt200006282" /> This gives a gross floor area of Template:Convert,<ref name="ZoLa" /> which is close to the maximum area allowed under a floor area ratio of 15.<ref name="nyt19980906">Template:Cite news</ref> Deutsche Bank Center uses a total of Template:Convert of glass, as well as Template:Convert of steel and Template:Convert of concrete.<ref name="nyt20010520" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 763">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Form and facadeEdit
The base of Deutsche Bank Center measures Template:Convert wide, as measured from north to south, by Template:Convert deep.<ref name="n84705593" /> The building is designed to face Central Park, with a general trapezoidal shape.<ref name="AR 2004-03" /> Two towers with a parallelogram-shaped massing rise from the base.<ref name="nyt200006282" /> The towers are aligned with Broadway, which runs diagonally relative to the Manhattan street grid, while the base is aligned with the street grid.<ref name="nyt200006282" /><ref name="Emporis" /><ref name="Bussel p. 160">Template:Harvnb</ref> The space between the towers is on axis with 59th Street and Central Park South.<ref name="nyt20010520" /><ref name="Bussel p. 163">Template:Harvnb</ref> The western and eastern facades of both towers are aligned 30 degrees counterclockwise from the axis of Eighth Avenue and Central Park West.<ref name="nyt20010520">Template:Cite news</ref> Both towers are 55 stories tall with a roof height of Template:Convert.Template:Efn The pinnacle of each tower consists of a lantern<ref name="Skidmore 2009 p.">Template:Cite book</ref> measuring Template:Convert tall.<ref name="WSPglobal">Template:Cite news</ref>
The base of Deutsche Bank Center contains a limestone facade with large window openings, which taper off into glass bands.<ref name="Bussel p. 160" /> The facade of the upper stories is clad with glass.<ref name="Bussel p. 160" /><ref name="nyt20000628" /> There are small, projecting glass fins every Template:Convert, which, from an angle, give the facade the appearance of a myriad of small shards.<ref name="nyt20000628" /> The glass panes were initially specified to be Template:Convert thick, but the architects changed the specification during construction to Template:Convert to stiffen the panes.<ref name="nyt20010520" /> The architects had originally intended for the glass to be light gray, but a darker shade was later specified.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 766">Template:Harvnb</ref> Atop the towers are glass parapets that absorb natural lights.<ref name="Bussel p. 160" />
A multistory cable structure, facing 59th Street across Columbus Circle, serves as the entrance to an atrium between the building's twin towers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 764">Template:Harvnb</ref> The structure consists of a grid of stainless-steel cables Template:Convert apart vertically and Template:Convert apart horizontally. Laminated-glass panels measuring Template:Convert thick are placed within the cables.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 764" /> Measuring Template:Convert across and Template:Convert high, the cable structure was the largest in North America at the time of its completion. It was designed by James Carpenter Design Associates. According to Carpenter, the cable grid was intended "to be as delicate, transparent and diaphanous as possible" to allow simultaneous views into and out of the atrium.<ref name="nyt20020303" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 764" /> Abby Bussel, author of a book about SOM, wrote that the main entrance was intended to "project a civic face to the community" at night.<ref name="Bussel p. 165">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The southeast corner of the building, at Eighth Avenue and 58th Street, contains a triangular wedge-shaped glass structure measuring about Template:Convert tall.<ref name="g132239794" /><ref name="nyt20041129" /> For the first months of the complex's existence, the glass structure was empty.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As part of an agreement with the New York City government, the structure could not include advertising. Prow Sculpture, an art installation by David Rome, was then installed in the structure by 2004.<ref name="g132239794">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="nyt20041129">Template:Cite news</ref> This consists of 12 sets of 36 translucent panels, each supported by Template:Convert vertical trusses. The panels each contain light-emitting diodes that change color once every few minutes.<ref name="nyt20041129" /> The panels also change color to display the time at 15-minute intervals.<ref name="g132239794" /><ref name="nyt20041129" /> The lights can be illuminated in different colors to mark special occasions. The artwork requires 200 tons of air conditioning (equivalent to Template:Convert), as well as frequent cleaning.<ref name="g132239794" />
Lower storiesEdit
The base of the building contains a steel superstructure with the Shops at Columbus Circle, Jazz at Lincoln Center, broadcast studios, and originally AOL Time Warner's headquarters. The towers' concrete superstructures rest above the base.<ref name="nyt20020303" /><ref name="Skidmore 2009 p." /> Structurally, the building's base also includes the steel-framed lower sections of both towers. The steel frame extends Template:Convert high below the north tower and Template:Convert high below the south tower.<ref name="n84705593" /> The steel superstructure allowed the architects to use several column arrangements to accommodate the differing needs of each tenant,<ref name="nyt20020303" /> and it allowed the architects to create large, column-free spaces for hotel ballrooms, broadcast studios, and offices.<ref name="Skidmore 2009 p." /> Twenty-four entrances were originally provided at the base. To avoid interfering with the entrances and other open spaces, the building uses diagonal steel columns; concrete columns with stepped notches; and columns hanging from trusses.<ref name="nyt20020303" />
The property's foundation is surrounded by a concrete cofferdam measuring Template:Convert deep and Template:Convert across. The building plans were technically an "alteration" to the New York Coliseum, since the building incorporates the Coliseum's underground parking garage.<ref name="nyt20010520" /> The parking garage, originally leased to the Central Parking Corporation, has 504 spots.<ref name="nyt20010520" /><ref name="n84698460">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="LJ p. 94">Template:Harvnb</ref> The garage spans three stories and has sensors to monitor how many vehicles are parked in the garage.<ref name="n84698460" /> The garage also has a valet parking service.<ref name="n84772400">Template:Cite news</ref> At ground level, the lobby for the south tower's residences is on 58th Street while the north tower's hotel and condominium lobby is on 59th Street. In addition, there are office lobbies on both 58th and 59th Streets; that on 58th Street originally served the Time Warner lobby.<ref name="Bussel p. 162">Template:Harvnb</ref>
MallEdit
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Deutsche Bank Center has a four-story retail mall, the Shops at Columbus Circle, which opened in 2004 along with the rest of the complex.<ref name="Emporis"/><ref name="n84677036">Template:Cite news</ref> Designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects,<ref name="nyt200006282" /><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 762-763" /><ref name="p200357445" /> it was known during planning as the Palladium.<ref name="n84705593" /><ref name="p214886933">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The mall's ground-floor tenants include designer shops and restaurants.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Among the first retail tenants in the mall were a Whole Foods Market, as well as an Equinox gym, both in the basement.<ref name="n84677036" /> The third and fourth stories contain the Restaurant Collection, with two Michelin 3-star restaurants Template:As of (Masa and Per Se),<ref name="Eater NY 2019 c477">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as other eateries such as Porter House New York<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 764" /> and Bad Roman.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The mall is designed to follow the curve of Columbus Circle,<ref name="Bussel p. 163" /><ref name="Skidmore 2009 p." /><ref name="n84669497">Template:Cite news</ref> measuring Template:Convert long.<ref name="nyt20020303" /> It contains an atrium Template:Convert high, leading west from Columbus Circle.<ref name="nyt20030612" /> This atrium, known as the "Great Room", is about Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert long with Template:Convert.<ref name="Sheftell 2008">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A passageway, extending north and south from the atrium,<ref name="Bussel p. 162" /><ref name="nyt20030612" /> covers Template:Convert.<ref name="nyt20030612">Template:Cite news</ref>
Jazz at Lincoln CenterEdit
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Within the base of Deutsche Bank Center is Frederick P. Rose Hall, a Template:Convert complex for Jazz at Lincoln Center, designed by Rafael Viñoly.<ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 762-763" /><ref name="p200357445" /> It was proposed with two auditoriums, two rehearsal studios, a cafe, and a classroom.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It consists of three venues. The Rose Theater, on the fifth floor, is the primary venue for Jazz at Lincoln Center,<ref name="nyt20041019">Template:Cite news</ref> with 1,100 to 1,300 seats.<ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 765-766">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Appel Room, originally the Allen Room,<ref>Template:Cite news
{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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}}</ref> is above the atrium with a large glass wall facing Columbus Circle,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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}}</ref> with space for up to 600 seats.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 766" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dizzy's Club is named after trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref> and contains 140 seats.<ref name="nyt20041019" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 766" /> Jazz at Lincoln Center's space at Rose Hall also includes the Ertegun Atrium, facing Central Park,<ref name="Architectural Record 2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as well as the Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Rose Theater is acoustically separated from the rest of Deutsche Bank Center.<ref name="nyt20040512">Template:Cite news</ref> The auditorium, weighing Template:Convert, is supported by 26 insulating gaskets on concrete footings. The gaskets consist of steel plates measuring Template:Convert thick, between which are neoprene synthetic-rubber pads. There are also neoprene pads, measuring Template:Convert thick, on the wall of the auditorium. Steven H. Sommer of Bovid Lend Lease, the hall's construction manager, compared the layout to "a small cardboard box in a larger cardboard box packed with Styrofoam peanuts".<ref name="nyt20020303" />
In 2005, Jazz at Lincoln Center announced a partnership with XM Satellite Radio, which gave XM studio space at Rose Hall to broadcast both daily jazz programming and special events.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Anderson Cooper's daytime talk show, Anderson, recorded in Jazz at Lincoln Center's Allen Room from 2011 to 2012.<ref name="TV Newser Anderson moving">Template:Cite news</ref>
StudiosEdit
The eighth floor of the north tower has studios originally designed for Time Warner's subsidiary CNN.<ref name="n84669497" /> The studios were designed by Kostow Greenwood Architects,<ref name="p2191398662">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="g116852820" /> with scenic design by Production Design Group.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The CNN studios covered Template:Convert<ref name="p2191398662" /> or Template:Convert on five full stories and portions of two others.<ref name="g116852820">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The spaces covered floors four through nine.<ref name="g118376640" /> The complex consisted of three large "black box" studios, three smaller studios, two newsrooms, and four control rooms.<ref name="nyt20040211">Template:Cite news</ref> The black-box studios overlooked the park, as did one of the newsrooms, designed for financial news subsidiary CNNfn.<ref name="nyt20040211" />
The wide studio spaces required the columns to be spaced Template:Convert apart.<ref name="nyt20020303" /> To accommodate large overhead lights, SOM omitted alternating floor slabs so CNN's studios contained a floor-to-ceiling height of Template:Convert. The studio floors were flattened to prevent camera equipment from vibrating, and thick insulating pads were placed under the floors. In addition, double walls were placed in each studio: an inner wall connecting to the studio floor and an outer wall connected to the rest of the building. Observation windows were placed near the top of the studio walls. The studios had their own power and backup control systems. A dedicated freight elevator was also installed so large props and pieces of sets could be carried into and out of the studios.<ref name="nyt20040211" />
The CNNfn newsroom was designed so cameras could pan over the width of the room.<ref name="g118376640" /><ref name="nyt20040211" /> Materials such as vinyl partitions and striped carpet tiles were selected according to how they looked on digital cameras. A feature of the CNNfn newsroom was double-tiered wooden oval desks, often shown in wide shots of the newsroom; the desks themselves were arranged in a curve.<ref name="g118376640" /> Kostow Greenwood redesigned the offices for CNNfn, later CNNMoney, in 2013. Among the changes were the addition of Template:Convert office modules along the walls of some of the 27-foot-tall spaces.<ref name="g333331869">Template:Cite magazine</ref> CNN's studios in Time Warner Center operated until the network relocated to 30 Hudson Yards in 2019.<ref name="The Hollywood Reporter">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
OfficesEdit
At the building's completion, it had a total office area of approximately Template:Convert.<ref name="nyt20010520" /><ref name="p214886933" /> About Template:Convert was used as the headquarters for Time Warner.<ref name="g118376640" /><ref name="p219180039"/>Template:Efn Time Warner's offices were designed by HLW International,<ref name="nyt200006282" /><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 762-763" /><ref name="p200357445" /> though Perkins and Will oversaw the final fit-out of the office spaces.<ref name="nyt20020303" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 763" /><ref name="g118376640">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Time Warner offices originally accommodated 1,600 employees on 17 floors in the building's southern section.<ref name="g118376640" /> Time Warner's former spaces are spanned by Template:Convert beams.<ref name="nyt20020303" /> Ten stories were designed as corporate offices in conjunction with Mancini Duffy; the corporate offices contained wooden millwork, as well as gray-and-gold finishes on the walls and carpets. Meeting rooms had curved walls with encaustic finishes and brightly colored accents. Floor spaces were arranged in a modular format, with three offices or four workstations to a module, and meeting areas and copying rooms were placed in uniform positions throughout each floors. According to Mancini Duffy's director of design, "mullions, frames, reveals, and the use of painted drywall, glass, and millwork" served to enhance the design of the office corridors.<ref name="g118376640" />
There were originally Template:Convert of offices not used by AOL Time Warner.<ref name="LJ p. 87" /><ref name="p219180039" />Template:Efn The non-Time Warner offices covered six stories.<ref name="nyt20010520" /> Half of this space was initially occupied by Apollo and Related, two of the developers, after they had difficulty marketing the space; the other half was purchased by Time Warner.<ref name="p219180039">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Template:As of, almost all of the building's office space, including both the Time Warner office space and the other space, is occupied by Deutsche Bank.<ref name=":1" />
Upper storiesEdit
The apartments and hotel rooms on the upper floors have a concrete superstructure, since they did not need the large column spacing or small columns that a steel superstructure would provide.<ref name="nyt20010520" /><ref name="Skidmore 2009 p." /> The concrete superstructures weigh Template:Convert each. There is a truss at the 17th floor of the north tower, Template:Convert above the ground, and at the 23rd floor of the south tower, Template:Convert above the ground. The trusses distribute the weight of the concrete above to the steel columns below; they also contain ducts, elevator rooms, and hallways between the emergency stairwells of the towers and the base.<ref name="nyt20020303" /> Each tower also has a concrete core measuring Template:Convert across, which extends to the layer of Manhattan schist below the building. The cores are up to Template:Convert thick at the base.<ref name="nyt20020303" />
HotelEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The north tower contains the Mandarin Oriental New York hotel, designed by Brennan Beer Gorman.<ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 762-763" /><ref name="p200357445" /> The hotel contains 248 units in total,<ref name="mandarinoriental.com 2010" />Template:Efn composed of 202 guestrooms and 46 suites.<ref name="mandarinoriental.com 2010">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Mandarin Oriental New York spans floors 35 through 54,<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 764" /><ref name="nyt20031207">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p223755041">Template:Cite magazine</ref> taking up Template:Convert in Deutsche Bank Center.<ref name="p223755041" /> The hotel in general is designed in an Art Deco-inspired Asian contemporary style.<ref name="nyt20031207" /><ref name="n408965365">Template:Cite news</ref> The interior decorations were mostly created by Hirsch Bedner Associates,<ref name="p233465205">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="p223755041" /> except for the Asiate restaurant, which was designed by Tony Chi.<ref name="nyt20031207" /><ref name="p233465205" /> Template:As of, Reliance Industries owns a majority stake in the hotel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The only entrance to the hotel is from 60th Street, where there are elevators to the hotel lobby.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 764" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The ground-floor vestibule, designed as an ellipse,<ref name="p223755041" /><ref name="p233465205" /> contains a glass chandelier by Dale Chihuly. Floor 35 contains the hotel lobby, the Asiate restaurant, and the MObar lounge.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 764" /><ref name="nyt20031207" /> Also in the hotel is a two-story, Template:Convert spa.<ref name="p233465205" /> There is also a fitness center with a Template:Convert lap pool overlooking Central Park,<ref name="nyt20031207" /> as well as banquet rooms and ballrooms.<ref name="n84772400" /> Each of the guest rooms has a different set of decorations with Asian artwork and complex color schemes, as well as full-height windows.<ref name="nyt20031207" /><ref name="p223755041" /> The layouts of the different hotel suites also vary.<ref name="nyt20031207" />
ResidencesEdit
Both towers contain residences, though they begin 24 stories above ground in the south tower and 37 stories above ground in the north tower.<ref name="nyt20030821" /> The north-tower residences are marketed as the Residences at Mandarin Oriental, while the south-tower residences are marketed as One Central Park, despite the fact that there is no street named Central Park.<ref name="nyt20030727" />Template:Efn There are 66 residences in the north tower,<ref name="Sheftell 2008" /><ref name="Schulz 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:EfnTemplate:Efn occupying sixteen stories.<ref name="n84669497" /> The residents of the north tower are given access to the Mandarin Oriental New York's amenities, being treated as if they were permanent guests of the hotel. These include spa and health club access as well as room service.<ref name="p216502214">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The south tower has 133 or 134 residences,<ref name="Sheftell 2008" /><ref name="Schulz 2014" />Template:Efn occupying twenty-nine stories.<ref name="n84669497" /> The condominiums have multiple entrances, including through the hotel, garage, and mall.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref>
Ismael Leyva Architects designed the One Central Park residences,<ref name="p200357445" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with furnishings by Thad Hayes.<ref name="p200357445" /><ref name="p398802417">Template:Cite news</ref> Leyva's furnishings include granite floors and counters, as well as marble tiles and appliances.<ref name="p236947493">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The residential condominiums all have ceilings measuring Template:Convert high, with full-height windows providing views of the Hudson River to the west.<ref name="p216502214" /> Four different floor plans are used in the towers, and the spaces are spanned by Template:Convert beams.<ref name="nyt20020303" />
The top stories of each tower are marketed as floor 80,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> though this story is actually the 53rd-story penthouse.<ref name=":2" /> The tops of each tower are designed with five full-story penthouse condominiums, measuring Template:Convert and spanning a full floor.<ref name="Schmertz 2002">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Unlike the other residences, the penthouses were originally offered as unfurnished spaces.<ref name="p398802417" /> Related Companies CEO Stephen Ross had occupied one of the full-story penthouses in the south tower<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Plitt 2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> until he sold it in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Mechanical featuresEdit
Deutsche Bank Center includes a system of four emergency diesel generators for the residential tenants, each capable of Template:Convert.<ref name="Emporis" /><ref name="Zwicker">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The base is powered by two diesel generators, also capable of Template:Convert.<ref name="Zwicker" /> There is also a Template:Convert uninterruptible power system that runs at all times.<ref name="Emporis" /> The backup generation system powers three elevators, as well as lighting in each hallway and apartment intercoms, in case of emergencies.<ref name="nyt20030821">Template:Cite news</ref> Two service rooms were installed by Zwicker Electric.<ref name="Zwicker" /> The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system was automated, increasing its efficiency by 10 to 15 percent.<ref name="p220598003">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
As part of the construction of Time Warner Center, its developers spent $21 million on technological advances.<ref name="p2191793712">Template:Cite magazine</ref> From the building's opening, the entirety of Time Warner Center was equipped with Wi-Fi,<ref name="p222056600">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="p219196402" /> which at the time was still relatively uncommon in New York City buildings.<ref name="p219196402">Template:Cite magazine</ref> A direct Ethernet connection was also included in the building when it was built, and each residence had an in-house internet phone service. In addition, residents received a notebook computer that served as their "digital concierge", where they could look up the building's restaurants, stores, and entertainment areas. The security screening systems at the elevators contained fingerprint readers. While the Wi-Fi services were available to visitors for a fee, the other tech services were only offered to residents and Mandarin Oriental hotel guests.<ref name="p2191793712"/> Time Warner provided internet service for its own office space, but the residences and hotel rooms were served by RCN's network instead, because RCN service was less expensive than Time Warner service.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
PlanningEdit
Template:For After putting the Coliseum up for sale in 1985, the MTA received numerous bids for the redevelopment of the site.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 748" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mortimer Zuckerman's Boston Properties won the bidding contest, with plans to erect a headquarters for Salomon Brothers on the site, to be designed by Moshe Safdie.<ref name="LJ p. 89">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 752">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The community heavily opposed Zuckerman's initial plan, and the sale was nullified in 1987,<ref name="LJ p. 89" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 754">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with Salomon Brothers withdrawing from the project.<ref name="LJ p. 89" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 754" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Competing plansEdit
New York City and Boston Properties first hired David Childs in 1987 to design the Coliseum replacement, to be known as Columbus Center.<ref name="LJ p. 89" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 756">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Childs's initial plan, released in June 1988, called for a set of brick-and-glass towers rising as high as Template:Convert.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 756" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Similar to what would ultimately be built, the complex would have been composed of twin towers.<ref name="PA 1988-07">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="AR 1988-08">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Childs's plan faced heavy opposition from the community, leading to a redesign of the project.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 756" /> His second proposal was published in April 1988,<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 756" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with a twin-towered complex rising Template:Convert, as well as a pedestrian bridge connecting the two towers.<ref name="PA 1989-06">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="AR 1989-06">Template:Cite magazine</ref> This plan, too, faced political opposition and lawsuits.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 757">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="nyt19980906" /> Following the prolonged delays, Zuckerman and the MTA severed negotiations for the site in 1994.<ref name="LJ pp. 89-90">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 758">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Related CEO Stephen Ross had proposed converting the Coliseum into a Kmart store, though nothing came of that plan.<ref name="nyt19980906" /><ref name="LJ p. 88" /> As a result, Ross contacted his friend, Kenneth A. Himmel, to devise a proposal for the site.<ref name="nyt19980906" />
Planning for Columbus Center restarted in May 1996,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with the MTA outlining several criteria for the shape of the proposed development,Template:Efn as well as a stipulation that the winner could not seek tax breaks.<ref name="LJ p. 90">Template:Harvnb</ref> The city and MTA received nine proposals for the site that November.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 758" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Municipal Art Society displayed models of these proposals to gauge public opinion for the project.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 758" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By May 1997, the city and MTA had selected five finalists: Related Companies, Trump Organization, Tishman Speyer, Bruce C. Ratner & Daniel Brodsky, and Millennium Partners.<ref name="LJ p. 90" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 761">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> New York state officials tentatively considered selecting Millennium Partners' bid that July, to be designed by James Polshek.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> To the surprise of the developers submitting the bids, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani announced he would revoke a tax break that he had promised to give to the winning bidder.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 761" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Giuliani also threatened to block any potential sale of the Coliseum unless the project contained a theater of 1,000 to 2,000 seats for Lincoln Center.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The mayor's demand for a theater had hitherto been unknown to the public, but Lincoln Center executives expressed interest in the proposal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In February 1998, the city and state agreed that the new building would have a 1,100-seat concert hall for Jazz at Lincoln Center, as well as rehearsal rooms and educational spaces.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=nyt19980204>Template:Cite news</ref> The facility would cost $40 to $45 million, of which Jazz at Lincoln Center would raise $20 million and the city would raise $18 million.<ref name=nyt19980204/> The developers were asked to resubmit their bids.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 761" /> That April, Time Warner partnered with the Related Companies, with plans to move CNN's New York City offices and NY1 broadcast studios to the development if Related's bid was successful.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 761-762">Template:Harvnb</ref> Ross and Himmel had convinced Time Warner CEO Richard D. Parsons the previous year to join the project.<ref name="nyt19980906" /> The joint bid was $45 million less than the high bid offered by Trump, though government officials preferred Millennium's and Related's twin-tower plans to Trump's single slab.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nevertheless, city officials were mainly considering Millennium's and Related's bids by June 1998.<ref name="p219150575">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Millennium had proposed two luxury hotels and 450 residential condominiums, while the city government backed Related's bid because of Time Warner's involvement.<ref name="nyt19980728">Template:Cite news</ref> By then, Childs, who had designed Related's proposal, had designed five separate plans for the site.<ref name="Kubany p. 72">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Plan selection and finalizationEdit
The city selected Time Warner and Related's $345 million bid in late July 1998.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n84650737">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p398677248">Template:Cite news</ref> Childs was again hired to design the building, which would contain 425 hotel rooms, 375 condos, an auditorium for Jazz at Lincoln Center, and a 12-screen movie theater. There would also be a shopping mall, office space for Time Warner's headquarters, and studio space for CNN and NY1.<ref name="nyt19980728" /><ref name="n84650737" /> The proposal called for a pair of towers, separated by an atrium aligned with the axis of 59th Street.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 762" /><ref name="nyt200006282" /> Unlike in earlier plans, the towers were only 55 stories tall, had a glass facade, and ran along the circumference of Columbus Circle, with the towers' sides running parallel to Broadway's diagonal route through the circle.<ref name="nyt200006282" /> Apollo Global Management, which would issue financial capital for the development, was to be a co-owner alongside Related.<ref name="p398677248" /> The Palladium Company, jointly owned by Himmel and Related, would operate the retail space at the building.<ref name="nyt19980906" /> The developers likened the planned development to Rockefeller Center.<ref name="p398677248" />
The MTA quickly approved the plans for the site.<ref name="nyt19980730" /> The Coliseum was demolished starting in September 1999 with the removal of plaques that had hung on the Coliseum's facade.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While the Coliseum's demolition was ongoing, the Columbus Center project was still undergoing design changes.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 762" /><ref name="nyt200006282" /><ref name="Kubany p. 71">Template:Harvnb</ref> As late as February 2000, when the Coliseum's interior had been demolished,<ref name="nyt20000220" /> SOM, Related, and the city were still negotiating over details such as how much stone the facade should have.<ref name="nyt200006282" /> There were also disagreements over the distance between the building's twin towers, which was originally only Template:Convert, as well as the extent to which the Jazz at Lincoln Center performance space should be recessed from Columbus Circle.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 762" /><ref name="nyt200006282" /> By the time the Coliseum's exterior was demolished in June 2000,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the structural steel had already been ordered.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 762" /><ref name="nyt200006282" /> By then, even Childs had become exasperated with the delays, and the developers were ready to construct the building based on the interim plans, with which none of the involved parties were satisfied. Childs, working with T. J. Gottesdiener and Mustafa K. Abadan, proposed a pair of glass-clad parallelograms, which officials approved.<ref name="nyt200006282" /><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 762-763" />
Childs announced his revised scheme at the end of June 2000.<ref name="nyt200006282" /><ref name="n84666229">Template:Cite news</ref> The building would be called the AOL Time Warner Center, in advance of the merger between AOL and Time Warner.<ref name="n84666229" /> The building was planned to be about Template:Convert, including mechanical space.<ref name="nyt20010520" /> The same month, General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) agreed to provide $1.3 billion for the building's construction,<ref name="n84663836">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> believed to be the largest construction financing ever for a real estate development in New York City at the time.<ref name="n84663836" /> GMAC's financing came with a $1.1 billion senior loan and $200 million in mezzanine financing.<ref name="p236946413">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="p198419665">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The remainder of the $1.7 billion development cost would come from equity of Apollo, Related, AOL Time Warner, and the Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group.<ref name="nyt20010520" /><ref name="LJ p. 91">Template:Harvnb</ref> Including furnishings, the building was expected to cost $2.2 billion.<ref name="LJ p. 91" /> Time Warner had paid $150 million upfront for the right to occupy the development.<ref name="Roberts 2002">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> City officials had indicated that Time Warner would receive a large tax abatement for the project,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but the New York City Department of Finance ruled in 2001 that the project was ineligible for such incentives under the 1996 request for proposals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Further tweaks were made to the design, including reducing the hotel from 400 to 251 rooms to allow for the construction of office space.<ref name="LJ pp. 91-92">Template:Harvnb</ref>
ConstructionEdit
2000 and 2001Edit
A groundbreaking ceremony for the building occurred on November 14, 2000. At the time, the project was planned to employ 2,300 workers.<ref name="n84669497" /> Bovis Lend Lease was hired as general contractor based on a guaranteed maximum price at-risk contract,<ref name="LJ p. 92" /> while Insignia/ESG was hired as the leasing agent for AOL Time Warner Center.<ref name="p398793455">Template:Cite news</ref> By early 2001, the first large retail tenant had leased space in the building's mall,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the developers were interviewing restaurateurs to operate six eateries in the mall.<ref name="p219126644">Template:Cite magazine</ref> That June, Central Parking was hired to run the three-story parking garage in the complex's basement.<ref name="n84698460" /> The condominiums went on sale in August 2001.<ref name="p398802417" /> Ross was planning to market some of the higher-story condominiums at between Template:Convert, which would make these apartments the most expensive in New York City by far.<ref name="p333907290">Template:Cite news</ref> The condos ranged from $1.8 million for a two-bedroom unit to $35 million for a penthouse unit.<ref name="n84772400" />
Plans for the 12-screen movie theater in Related's winning bid were scrapped by 2001.<ref name="nyt20010520" /> By mid-2001, the building had grown to about Template:Convert, drawing the consternation of neighborhood groups who opposed the project. One such group, the Committee for Environmentally Sound Development, stated that AOL Time Warner Center was 33 percent larger than what was approved in an environmental impact statement in 1997.<ref name="nyt20010520" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 763" /> Other opponents, like City Councilwoman Ronnie Eldridge, wished to know why construction plans for the center had been filed as an alteration to the Coliseum, rather than as a new building.<ref name="nyt20010520" /> The Committee for Environmentally Sound Development filed a lawsuit against the project. While a New York Supreme Court judge ruled against the group in December 2001, the judge noted that a government agency still had to ensure AOL Time Warner Center did not exceed its maximum size.<ref name="nyt20020303" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 763" />
Following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan later in 2001, work on AOL Time Warner Center was slowed during the rescue and recovery effort, as many skilled workers had left the job to help with the rescue effort at the World Trade Center site.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Additionally, since many roads into Manhattan were closed after the attacks, concrete deliveries were delayed, prompting concerns that the building's construction would also be held up.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite the attacks, the Time Warner complex had reached 19 stories by the end of 2001. Even though a few prospective buyers had withdrawn, forty apartments had sold for a cumulative $200 million between September and December 2001.<ref name="nyt20011209">Template:Cite news</ref> These included Sandie N. Tillotson, who bought the top floor of the north tower for $30 million shortly after the attacks, then a record for a condominium.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Five retailers also leased space in the months after the attacks.<ref name="nyt20020303" /> To address security concerns, the architects strengthened AOL Time Warner Center's security features at entrances to garages and loading docks.<ref name="nyt20020303" /> The architects also increased the strength of the steel and added backup generators for the elevators.<ref name="n84772400" />
2002 and 2003Edit
By early 2002, a thousand workers were employed in the construction of the superstructure.<ref name="p219139866">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Several officials, including mayor Michael Bloomberg, signed a steel beam that February to mark the topping-out of the lower floors' steel superstructure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A speech was given to honor workers who helped with the September 11 recovery effort. By then, sixty of the residential units had been sold.<ref name="nyt20020303" /> The Related Companies did not reduce its apartment prices, even as the attacks resulted in a decline in condominium sales citywide.<ref name="p398802417" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eighty percent of the retail space had been leased by mid-2002,<ref name="n84760016">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p219160717">Template:Cite magazine</ref> as was forty percent of the residential units.<ref name="n84705593" /><ref name="p216598085">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, AOL Time Warner's stock value was declining,<ref name="Roberts 2002" /><ref name="Dumenco 2002" /> and the company reportedly planned to sublease some space, which executives believed the company could not fully occupy.<ref name="n84761104">Template:Cite news</ref> New York magazine compared AOL Time Warner Center to a situation where "your marriage is a wreck, you hate each other, everybody thinks you should get divorced, and yet you’re still building a lavish new home together."<ref name="Dumenco 2002">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During construction, Bovis Lend Lease received several notices of minor construction violations from the New York City Department of Buildings.<ref name="n84759006">Template:Cite news</ref> During a heavy windstorm in September 2002, a piece of debris flew off the construction site, injuring a carpenter and two passersby.<ref name="n84759006" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The carpenter ultimately died of his injuries, and a forklift driver was also killed on the eighth floor that year.<ref name="nyt20030409">Template:Cite news</ref> In October 2002, California pension fund CalPERS and MacFarlane Partners offered to buy a half-ownership stake in the retail space, the office space not occupied by AOL Time Warner, and the center's parking structure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The sale to CalPERS and MacFarlane was finalized in February 2003, with the partners receiving a 49.5 percent stake;<ref name="LJ p. 94" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt20030204">Template:Cite news</ref> the stake was estimated at $500 million.<ref name="p398940824">Template:Cite news</ref> That year, the Department of Finance valued AOL Time Warner Center at $820 million, a 275 percent increase from the previous year's valuation of $220 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The construction process continued to experience difficulties; in April 2003, a fire damaged the fourth through seventh stories, including part of Jazz at Lincoln Center's future space.<ref name="nyt20030409" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There were also thirty-nine open construction violations by late 2003, when around sixty percent of the condos had been sold.<ref name="n84772400" />
AOL Time Warner, facing further financial setbacks, was compelled to reduce some costs at the new headquarters, including canceling plans for a technology lab.<ref name="Los Angeles Times 2002">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By September 2003, the company had voted to rebrand itself as Time Warner, with the building to be known simply as "Time Warner Center".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite Time Warner's problems, in the two years after the September 11 attacks, residential prices at Time Warner Center were increased five times.<ref name="n84772400" /> Architectural Digest hired twenty-three developers to decorate one room each on floor 73, then held a fundraiser in these rooms in October 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt20031023">Template:Cite news</ref> The rooms were decorated for free and were left in place for six months so the remaining 77 apartments could be sold.<ref name="nyt20031023" /> Though most of the office space was to be occupied by Time Warner, there was no interest in the remaining office space. This led Apollo Real Estate and the Related Companies to occupy half of the vacant space, with Time Warner buying the rest for its subsidiaries. The difficulty in leasing the space was in part because the developers felt the offices were best suited for media outlets that would compete with Time Warner.<ref name="p219180039" />
Time Warner useEdit
Time Warner Center was the first major building to be developed in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks,<ref name="n84677036" /> and its development had directly resulted in an increase in nearby land values even before its completion.<ref name="p219154490">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> AOL Time Warner sought four companies to sponsor the new building, one each in the electronics, technology, automotive, and financial-services segments; the sponsors would have retail or exhibit space in the building. The first sponsor, electronics company Samsung, signed an agreement in mid-2003.<ref name="p218085334">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Lincoln Motor Company was the automotive sponsor,<ref name="p219481563">Template:Cite magazine</ref> while First Republic Bank was the financial-services sponsor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the end of 2003, Credit Suisse First Boston provided $620 million to refinance part of the development's construction loan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
OpeningEdit
The development was opened in phases starting in 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first part of Time Warner Center to officially open was the Mandarin Oriental New York, which opened on November 15, 2003,<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 764" /> although a formal ceremony was held in December 2003.<ref name="n408965365" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Time Warner Center's formal opening ceremony was held on February 5, 2004, with a benefit party being hosted upon the completion of the Shops at Columbus Circle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time of the mall's opening, over four-fifths of the 40 stores and 10 restaurants were open. There were concerns among retail-industry experts that Time Warner Center's "vertical mall" concept would not be successful since high-rise malls in New York City had historically not been successful.<ref name="nyt20040204">Template:Cite news</ref>
Final touches were still being placed on the building when, in April 2004, a piece of metal sheeting fell off the facade.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This prompted Bloomberg to order that all work on the building be temporarily halted, since this was the fourth time since 2002 that debris had fallen from the building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The retail complex also faced challenges, such as an early 2004 fire in the Per Se restaurant, the first to open in the mall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Jazz at Lincoln Center opened in October 2004, almost a year after the rest of the complex had been completed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p195997132">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In total, the project had cost $1.8 billion.<ref name="CMA"/>
OperationEdit
The Sunshine Group was in charge of marketing the building.<ref name="nyt20030727" /> Businessman David Martínez bought one penthouse unit and a portion of another;<ref name="n84772400" /><ref name="nyt20030907">Template:Cite news</ref> at $40 to $45 million, the unit was the most expensive residence recorded in Manhattan at the time.<ref name="nyt20030907" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 765">Template:Harvnb</ref> Other early residents included designer Lady Henrietta Spencer-Churchill and musician Ricky Martin,<ref name="n84772400" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as well as architect Jon Stryker, who used Time Warner Center as a temporary apartment because he did not want to rent a residence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The south tower's residents also included Saudi royal Turki bin Faisal Al Saud, art collector Tobias Meyer, producer Verna Harrah, and businessmen Gregory Olsen and John Kluge. Those of the north tower included ten doctors; businessmen Alan B. Miller, Michael Spencer, and Gerard Cafesjian; and two daughters of Turkish businessman Sakıp Sabancı. By late 2004, the apartments were about 85 percent sold.<ref name="nyt20041121">Template:Cite news</ref> About a quarter of the original buyers were foreign buyers, and a third of the total buyers used shell corporations to obscure their identities.<ref name=":2" />
Within a year and a half of Time Warner Center's opening, the hotel and some of the shopping mall's retail spaces were relatively successful. However, several restaurateurs had already closed their operations in the building or were in the process of doing so.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The property had the highest-listed market value in New York City, $1.1 billion, in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The building's last condominium was sold that March.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By that time, a monthly parking pass alone ran from $550 to $600, more expensive than a one-bedroom residence in several Southern and Midwestern U.S. cities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Time Warner Center had become a popular destination by 2008; its presence had helped raise the value of surrounding properties by as much as 400 percent since 2004. Average condominium prices had risen 127 percent since the building's opening, with condos being listed at between $7 and $60 million.<ref name="Sheftell 2008" />
Following the completion of the nearby 15 Central Park West in the late 2000s, condo prices at Time Warner Center began to decline.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One unit in Time Warner Center was listed on the market in 2007 and was not sold for more than a decade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2013, Time Warner announced its intention to move most of its offices to 30 Hudson Yards on the west side of Manhattan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The following January, Time Warner sold its stake in the Columbus Circle building for $1.3 billion to the Related Companies, the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, and GIC Private Limited.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The companies funded the purchase of the office space with a five-year, $675 million mortgage from Deutsche Bank and Bank of China.<ref name="CMA">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
By the 2010s, the residential apartments of Time Warner Center were acquired by a large number of extremely wealthy residents. In 2015, The New York Times found that Time Warner Center's condominium owners had included seventeen people on Forbes magazine's The World's Billionaires list, as well as five major art collectors, eight chief executives, and celebrities such as singer Jimmy Buffett, football player Tom Brady, and talk show host Kelly Ripa.<ref name=":2" /> The vast majority of condominiums, about eighty percent, had been purchased by shell companies by 2014, with some of the tenants being involved in controversy. These included Vitaly Malkin, a Russian senator accused of ties to organized crime; Wang Wenliang, a Chinese businessman whose company was accused of dangerous construction conditions; and Anil Agarwal, an Indian businessman whose mining company had been charged with pollution in India and Zambia.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Alberts 2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The controversy in part influenced the United States Department of the Treasury to regulate large all-cash property sales in Manhattan starting in 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Deutsche Bank useEdit
In May 2018, Deutsche Bank announced it would lease all Template:Convert of office space for 25 years, relocating from 60 Wall Street beginning in the third quarter of 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The move represented a reduction in space for the bank, which had occupied Template:Convert at 60 Wall Street.<ref name="Financial Times 2018">Template:Cite news</ref> Following the news, Related Companies announced that the building would be officially renamed "Deutsche Bank Center" upon the company's arrival.<ref name="DB">Template:Cite news</ref> In May 2019, Related refinanced the office portion of the development with a $1.1 billion loan from Wells Fargo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After announcing plans to drastically reduce its overseas activities in mid-2019, Deutsche Bank returned two of the floors, covering Template:Convert, to the Related Companies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Meanwhile, the CNN studios had relocated to Hudson Yards by late 2019.<ref name="The Hollywood Reporter" />
Between March 2020 and April 2021, the Mandarin Oriental hotel in Time Warner Center was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, undergoing a minor renovation during that time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Time Warner Center was renamed to Deutsche Bank Center in May 2021, with Time Warner signage being replaced with that of Deutsche Bank over a one-week period.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ABC7 New York 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The bank was scheduled to relocate 5,000 employees to the building, but the relocation was delayed.<ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The bank's employees were being relocated by July 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Critical receptionEdit
When the original design was announced in July 1998, Herbert Muschamp wrote for The New York Times that the glass facade was a "major improvement" compared to Childs's earlier proposals of the late 1980s, but he believed that the design was "skillful, earnest and devoid of meaning".<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 762" /><ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> At the end of the year, Muschamp was even more negative, characterizing the building as an example of "architecture of denial" and derided it as indicating "an utter lack of awareness that New York today differs dramatically from the city in the 1930's".<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 762" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Peter Blake, editor of Architectural Record, wrote of the project in late 1998: "Manhattan is about to have a building of singular klutziness imposed upon it."<ref name="Arch 1998-11">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Both Muschamp's and Blake's complaints originated from the fact that the original plans resembled the setback-laden massing of older stone-faced apartment buildings on Central Park West, except with a glass cladding.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Arch 1998-11" />
When the updated plan was announced in June 2000, Muschamp wrote that the design "is an asymmetrical composition of crystalline contours" and that, in sharp contrast to the previous plan, it was not derivative of older Central Park West towers.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 763" /><ref name="nyt20000628">Template:Cite news</ref> Muschamp disliked the "lanterns" that were to be placed atop the towers, and he found the facade of the base to be "infected" by "aesthetic backsliding", but overall he thought the design to be a homage to the city's Art Deco architecture.<ref name="nyt20000628" /> By contrast, Martin Filler of The New Republic was dissatisfied with the revised glass design, especially as opposed to the masonry plans: "Light construction [...] implies the dual phenomena of weightlessness and transparency; and there is none of the former and little of the latter in evidence here."<ref name="p212807978">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The plans also faced opposition from community groups that considered the building to be too large.<ref name="nyt20010520" /><ref name="n84772400" />
After the September 11 attacks, the towers of Time Warner Center were compared to the destroyed World Trade Center,<ref name="Dumenco 2002" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> though the building's developers denied any intentional similarity to the fallen Twin Towers.<ref name="n84677036" /> In 2003, Architectural Record wrote: "AOL Time Warner Center with its new twin towers is testimony of how the people of the city can overcome great obstacles to get on with life."<ref name="LJ p. 94" /> When Time Warner Center was almost completed, Paul Goldberger wrote for The New Yorker that, though the design had been intended to conform with the surrounding street grid, this was nullified by the building's sheer size. According to Goldberger, "The best you can say is that they prevent it from being worse than it is, or as bad as earlier versions, which date from the nineteen-eighties."<ref name="Nast 2003">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Peggy Deamer of the Journal of the American Institute of Architects wrote in 2004: "Shouldn't the designers have broadened the notion of context beyond the building envelope?"<ref name="A 2004-01">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In spite of criticism over the building's size, architectural critics generally approved of Time Warner Center when it was completed.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 766" /> Ada Louise Huxtable wrote for The Wall Street Journal in early 2004: "The AOL Time Warner Center is exactly what a New York skyscraper should be—a soaring, shining, glamorous affirmation of the city's reach and power, and its best real architecture in a long time."<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 766" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Muschamp said of the completed building: "...The mood is modern noir. The two towers are worthy descendants of Radio City."<ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 766-768">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Even though Goldberger did not like the building's size, he said, "If you don’t look up, you could like this building", though he regarded it as "a theme-park version of a sophisticated urban building".<ref name="Nast 2003" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 768">Template:Harvnb</ref> A writer for Reason magazine said that, while critics did not praise Time Warner Center as they did the Hearst Tower or the New York Times Building, "they do agree the commercial behemoth deserves its place in this emerging pantheon of buildings".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The American Institute of Architects' 2007 survey List of America's Favorite Architecture ranked the Time Warner Center among the top 150 buildings in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nyt-2007-05-27">Template:Cite news</ref>
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