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Dioscorides

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Pedanius Dioscorides (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Template:C. 40–90 AD), "the father of pharmacognosy", was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (in the original Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration, both meaning "On Medical Material") , a 5-volume Greek encyclopedic pharmacopeia on herbal medicine and related medicinal substances, that was widely read for more than 1,500 years. For almost two millennia Dioscorides was regarded as the most prominent writer on plants and plant drugs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LifeEdit

A native of Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor, Dioscorides likely studied medicine nearby at the school in Tarsus, which had a pharmacological emphasis, and he dedicated his medical books to Laecanius Arius, a medical practitioner there.Template:Efn<ref name=Stobart>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Wallace>Template:Cite book</ref> Though he writes he lived a "soldier's life" or "soldier-like life", his pharmacopeia refers almost solely to plants found in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean, making it likely that he served in campaigns, or travelled in a civilian capacity, less widely as supposed.<ref>Nutton, Vivian. Ancient medicine. Routledge, 2012. p. 178</ref><ref name="Stobart" /> The name Pedanius is Roman, suggesting that an aristocrat of that name sponsored him to become a Roman citizen.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

De materia medicaEdit

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File:ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg
Blackberry from the 6th-century Vienna Dioscurides manuscript

Between 50 and 70 AD<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dioscorides wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Perì hylēs íatrikēs), known in Western Europe more often by its Latin title {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("On Medical Material"), which became the precursor to all modern pharmacopeias.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In contrast to many classical authors, Dioscorides' works were not "rediscovered" in the Renaissance, because his book had never left circulation; indeed, with regard to Western materia medica through the early modern period, Dioscorides' text eclipsed the Hippocratic corpus.<ref name="Vos 2010">De Vos (2010) "European Materia Medica in Historical Texts: Longevity of a Tradition and Implications for Future Use", Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132(1):28–47</ref>

In the medieval period, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was circulated in Greek, as well as Latin and Arabic translation.<ref>Some detail about medieval manuscripts of De Materia Medica at pages xxix–xxxi in Introduction to Dioscorides Materia Medica by TA Osbaldeston, year 2000.</ref>

File:1554Arnoullet.jpg
lang}}, Lyon, 1554

While being reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, it was often supplemented with commentary and minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources. Ibn al-Baitar's commentary on Dioscorides' {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, entitled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, has been used by scholars to identify many of the flora mentioned by Dioscorides.<ref>Zohar Amar, Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages (Hebrew title: גידולי ארץ-ישראל בימי הביניים), Ben-Zvi Institute: Jerusalem 2000, p. 270 Template:ISBN (Hebrew); Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs - commentaire de la "Materia Medica" de Dioscoride de Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdallāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Bayṭār de Malaga (ed. Ibrahim Ben Mrad), Beirut 1989 (Arabic title: تفسير كتاب دياسقوريدوس)</ref>

A number of illustrated manuscripts of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} survive. The most famous of these is the lavishly illustrated Vienna Dioscurides, produced in Constantinople in 512/513 AD. Densely illustrated Arabic copies survive from the 12th and 13th centuries, while Greek manuscripts survive today in the monasteries of Mount Athos.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the prime historical source of information about the medicines used by the Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of antiquity. The work also records the Dacian,<ref>Template:Cite book. Page 177.</ref> Thracian,<ref>Template:Cite book. Page 68.</ref> Roman, ancient Egyptian and North African (Carthaginian) names for some plants, which otherwise would have been lost. The work presents about 600 plants in all,<ref name=Krebs>Template:Cite book. Pages 75–76.</ref> although the descriptions are sometimes obscurely phrased, leading to comments such as: "Numerous individuals from the Middle Ages on have struggled with the identity of the recondite kinds",<ref>Isely, Duane (1994). One hundred and one botanists. Iowa State University Press.</ref> while some of the botanical identifications of Dioscorides' plants remain merely guesses.

John Goodyer translated the work into English in 1655, and bequeathed it to Magdalen College, Oxford; it was published by the Oxford University Press in 1934.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LegacyEdit

File:Dioscorea communis RF.jpg
The genus Dioscorea includes different species of yam.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} formed the core of the European pharmacopeia through the 19th century, suggesting that "the timelessness of Dioscorides' work resulted from an empirical tradition based on trial and error; that it worked for generation after generation despite social and cultural changes and changes in medical theory".<ref name="Vos 2010" />

The plant genus Dioscorea, which includes the yam, was named after him by Linnaeus.

A butterfly, the bush hopper, Ampittia dioscorides which is found from India southeast towards Indonesia and east towards China, is named after him.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

GalleryEdit

  • Uc2.ark 13960 t8rb76g72-seq 449 (cropped Dioscorides).jpg

    Portrait of an old man; perhaps the physician Dioscorides, whose name is cut in front of it. Antique paste

  • Dioscorides01.jpg

    Later representation of Dioscorides

  • Portrait of Dioscorides from De Materia Medica cropped.jpg

    lang}}

  • Dioscorides De Materia Medica Spain 12th 13th century.jpg

    lang}} in Arabic, Spain, 12th–13th century

  • Arabic herbal medicine guidebook.jpeg

    Cumin and dill from an Arabic book of simples (c. 1334) after Dioscorides (British Museum)

  • Dioscorides De Materia Medica Byzantium 15th century.jpg

    lang}}, 15th century

  • Arabischer Maler des Kräuterbuchs des Dioskurides 004.jpg

    lang}}, 1229

TranslationsEdit

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

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