Diva
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Diva (Template:IPAc-en, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is the Latin word for a goddess. Diva is a name from Roman mythology, and is associated with the nouns divus, diva, which means god, goddess, and the adjective divinius, which means divine or heavenly.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has often been used to refer to a celebrated woman of outstanding talent in the world of opera, theatre, cinema, fashion and popular music. If referring to an actress, the meaning of diva is closely related to that of prima donna. Diva can also refer to a person, especially one in show business, with a reputation for being temperamental or demanding.
DerivationEdit
The word entered the English language in the late 19th century. It is derived from the Italian noun diva, a female deity. The plural of the word in English is "divas"; in Italian, dive {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The basic sense of the term is goddess,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Time magazine observed in its October 21, 2002, issue: "By definition, a diva was originally used for great female opera singers, almost always sopranos."</ref> the feminine of the Latin word divus (Italian divo), someone deified after death, or Latin deus, a god.<ref>Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</ref>
The male form divo exists in Italian and is usually reserved for the most prominent leading tenors, like Enrico Caruso and Beniamino Gigli. The Italian term divismo describes the star-making system in the film industry. In contemporary Italian, diva and divo simply denote much-admired celebrities, especially film actresses and actors, and can be translated as "(film) star". The Italian actress Lyda Borelli is considered the first cinematic diva, following her breakthrough role in Love Everlasting (1913).<ref>Doane p.125</ref>
An extravagant admiration for divas is a common element of camp culture.<ref>"Vamps, camps and archetypes: gay men, the diva phenomenon and the inner feminine" Template:Webarchive by Andrew Milnes (2002)</ref>
Modern usageEdit
Women are often referred to as divas if they are "difficult, temperamental and demanding".<ref name="divainmedia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Welsh National Opera note that the title emerged in the early 19th century after an increase of female leading sopranos who "almost became goddess-like in the eyes of their adoring public".<ref name="divainmedia"/> They also note that the word has been used by the media to name many female politicians and entertainers rather than "just ambitious and assertive like their male counterparts".<ref name="divainmedia"/>
Many pop stars have been labelled as divas in the media, including Aretha Franklin,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ariana Grande,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beyoncé,<ref name="divainmedia"/> Cher,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Christina Aguilera,<ref name="BustleAguilera1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Diana Ross,<ref name="divas123"/> Tina Turner,<ref name="divas123"/> and Whitney Houston.<ref name="divas123">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additionally, Madonna and Mariah Carey<ref name=":0" /> have been called an "ultimate diva" in the press and have often embraced the title as their media persona.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="time123"/><ref name="papermag1"/> Carey herself noted on a podcast with Meghan Markle, Duchess of Sussex that today's media "mean you're a successful woman" but also a "bitch" and that "it's not okay for you to be a boss".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Musicologist Lily E. Hirsch argues that the phrase may be used in a sexist and racist manner when discussing a woman of color.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Multiple female artists and bands have also released albums and songs either titled or containing the word "diva". These include Annie Lennox,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> En Vogue,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beyoncé<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Sarah Brightman.Template:Citation needed English media personality and businesswoman Gemma Collins is well known for her "diva persona".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2018, she released a book titled The GC: How to Be a Diva and began starring in her own reality television series Gemma Collins: Diva.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1998, VH1 debuted its first annual VH1 Divas concert with Carey, Franklin, Celine Dion, Gloria Estefan and Shania Twain.<ref name="eeee">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some other artists who performed at later concerts were Whitney Houston, Cher, Tina Turner, Diana Ross and Destiny's Child.<ref name="eeee"/> From April 1999, WWE used the term "diva" to refer to their female performers.<ref name="Women's Title WrestleMania 32"/> In 2016, they discontinued this term, becoming Women in WWE.<ref name="Women's Title WrestleMania 32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Doane, Mary Anne (1991). Femmes Fatales: Feminism, Film Theory, Psychoanalysis, Routledge, New York. Template:ISBN.