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Drag king

Article Discussion

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File:Sackville Gardens.jpg
A drag king performer

Template:Crossdressing Template:LGBTQ sidebar Drag kings have historically been mostly female performance artists who dress in masculine drag and personify male gender stereotypes as part of an individual or group routine.<ref name="Competitive Drag Kings Strut Stuff">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As documented in the 2003 Journal of Homosexuality, in more recent years the world of drag kings has broadened to include performers of all gender expressions.<ref name="Surkan 161–186">Template:Cite journal</ref> A typical drag show may incorporate dancing, acting, stand-up comedy and singing, either live or lip-synching to pre-recorded tracks.<ref name="Drag King Contest by Dujour">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Drag kings often perform as exaggeratedly macho male characters,<ref name="Best of Sacramento - Drag King: Buck Naked">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> portray characters such as construction workers and rappers, or impersonate male celebrities like Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson and Tim McGraw.<ref name="Bring Out the Kings!">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Drag kings may also perform as personas that do not clearly align with the gender binary. Drag personas that combine both stereotypically masculine and feminine traits are common in modern drag king shows.<ref name="Surkan 161–186"/>

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, several drag kings became British music hall stars and British pantomime has preserved the tradition of women performing in male roles. Starting in the mid-1990s, drag kings began to gain some of the fame and attention that drag queens have known.<ref name="GAGE FOR YOURSELF">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Inside Sydney's drag king culture">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History and terminologyEdit

File:HettyKingDark.jpg
A 1907 sheet music cover of "I'm Afraid to Come Home in the Dark" featuring singer and male impersonator Hetty King.
File:Wild Side Story "America" 1977.jpg
Drag king character Macho (far right) in the "America" number of Wild Side Story in Los Angeles in 1977.

While the term drag king was first cited in print in 1972,<ref>Oxford English Dictionary cites Template:Citation</ref> there is a longer history of female performers dressing in male attire. In China, the practice of "female men [characters]" (kunsheng; see also sheng roles), in which women portrayed men in stage performances, was first documented during the middle Tang dynasty (617–908 CE). This continued through to the early Qing dynasty, when the Qianlong Emperor banned actresses from performing in 1722. It was revived in the late 19th and 20th centuries as the ban on actresses was loosened.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In theatre and opera, there was a tradition of breeches roles and en travesti.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Actress and playwright Susanna Centlivre appeared in breeches roles around 1700.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The first popular male impersonator in U.S. theatre was Annie Hindle, who started performing in New York in 1867.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 1886, she married her dresser, Annie Ryan.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

British music hall performer Vesta Tilley, who cites American male impersonator Ella Wesner as an inspiration,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> was active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a male impersonator.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Other male impersonators on the British stage were Ella Shields and Hetty King.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Vaudeville entertainer Florence Hines was popular for her act in the 1890s.<ref name="Abbott">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Ryan">Template:Cite book</ref> Blues singer Gladys Bentley performed in male attire in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco from the 1920s through 1940s.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Stormé DeLarverie performed in male drag as the MC, and sole female performer, of the drag troupe the Jewel Box Revue in the 1950s and 1960s. She is featured in the documentary Storme: The Lady of the Jewel Box.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> While the Stonewall riots of June 1969 were a series of spontaneous uprisings by many people, DeLarverie—who was the first to fight back against the police brutality—is believed to have provided the spark that ignited the riot.<ref name=StormeAdvocate>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=NYTobit>Yardley, William (May 29, 2014) "Storme DeLarverie, Early Leader in the Gay Rights Movement, Dies at 93" in The New York Times.</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Drag king culture in Australia flourished in lesbian bars from the 1990s and 2000s, but began to fade in the 2010s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the UK, Drag Couple Adam All and Apple Derrieres set up Drag King Cabaret night 'BOiBOX' in 2013 in Soho’s Candy Bar, a queer women’s venue that closed in 2014. While they were worried about finding enough performers to make their talent night work ‘Because there were barely any stages for us to perform [on], very few drag kings were actively pursuing gigs,’ BOIBOX inspired a new wave of budding kings<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and celebrated ten years in 2023 with a show at The Phoenix Arts Club in London's Westend, with a surprise appearance from Landon Cider.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The term drag king is sometimes used in a broader sense, to include female-bodied people who dress in traditionally masculine clothing for other reasons. This usage includes women temporarily attempting to pass as men and women who wish to present themselves in a masculine gender role without identifying as a man. Diane Torr began leading Drag King Workshops in 1989 that offer women a lesson in passing as men.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> Torr was featured in the 2002 film on drag kings Venus Boyz.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Drag kings have historically been more marginalized by pop culture than drag queens, who began playing a larger role in mainstream pop culture from the late 20th century onwards.<ref name=Vogue /> Drag kings have also historically been marginalized in academic LGBT studies.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> Recently,Template:When drag kings have started to play a slightly more visible role in the LGBT community. Sleek Magazine described this renaissance of drag king culture in a 2019 article titled "What's behind the drag king revolution?"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The British drag king collective 'Pecs', a troupe made up entirely of women and non-binary people, was founded in 2013 and went on to perform at Soho Theatre and The Glory.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2016, director Nicole Miyahara produced The Making of a King, a documentary film chronicling the lives of contemporary drag kings in Los Angeles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first drag king to appear in a television show was New Zealand artist and comedian Hugo Grrrl who won the inaugural season of the New Zealand reality competition House of Drag in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019, American artist Landon Cider was the first drag king and cisgender woman to appear on a televised US drag competition when he won the third season of The Boulet Brothers' Dragula.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In June 2022, three drag kings made a guest appearance in series one of Drag Race France,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the first time the Drag Race franchise included drag kings.

Drag communityEdit

File:Murray Hill by David Shankbone.jpg
Murray Hill, New York City comedian and downtown performance artist.

A British lesbian cabaret organization called Lesburlesque made it part of their mission to promote drag kings on the wider British cabaret circuit. Their founder Pixie Truffle gave an interview to the Guardian newspaper in the United Kingdom on her desire for drag kings to close the gap with queens and with male stand-up comedians.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Similar to some drag queens who prefer to be seen as actors—like Justin Bond and Lypsinka—some drag kings prefer not to be pigeon-holed by the drag king label. "I think when people assume that somebody is queer, or different, or trans, they always want to put something before their name," said Murray Hill in an interview. "And that is what drag king has been. Why can not you just call me a comedian like Jerry Seinfeld is called a comedian?"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In recent years,Template:When some drag king performers have adopted other terms to describe their own performance styles, particularly if they deviate from the more traditional forms of "kinging". Common names including "gender blurring" acknowledge the merging of both male and female traits in the performances. Vancouver performer Rose Butch adopted the ambiguous label "drag thing".<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Long-time performer Flare called the stage of drag king styles that emerged in Toronto's scene in the mid-2010s as "unicorn drag".<ref name=":0" />

Tools of gender illusionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}Face: One method drag kings use to modify their facial features is burning a wine cork and smudging it along the jaw to create the illusion of a beard or stubble.<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kings may aim to deepen the colour of their eyebrows or create a fuller look with dark eyeliner or other makeup. Similarly some methods call for layering liquid eyeliner over the cork ash, or dark makeup, base.<ref name=":02" /> When trying to achieve a realistic look, drag kings may add crepe hair over the makeup using glue, thus completing the illusion of a full beard.<ref name=":13">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Look: Drag kings also make use of items such as socks and silicone prosthetics when packing,<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> creating the illusion of a phallus between the legs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":13"/>

Stage Presence and Performance: An important part of gender illusion, this refers to the way a drag performer utilizes body language and takes up space on stage. Some kings will incorporate more aggressive choreography into their routines to emulate or expand on stereotypical masculine characteristics.<ref name=":02"/> Accessories, rhinestones and elaborate costumes contribute to a drag king's performance.<ref name=Vogue>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Breast bindingEdit

Body shaping apparel, most commonly binders, kinesiology tape, and sports bras, are used to create the look of a flat chest.<ref name=":13"/> For hiding one's breasts some use a method involving cutting a hole in the crotch of pantyhose for the head and making sleeves out the legs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some drag kings use silicone chest plates that are pulled over the head to create a muscular, masculine chest shape and cover the breasts.Template:Citation needed

In entertainmentEdit

In filmEdit

In literatureEdit

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In musicEdit

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

Drag king resources

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