Duce

Template:Short description Template:About {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Italics title Template:Infobox official post

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Template:IPAc-it) is an Italian title, derived from the Latin word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'leader', and a cognate of duke. National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('The Leader') of the movement since the birth of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in 1919. In 1925 it became a reference to the dictatorial position of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire').<ref>Image Description: Propaganda poster of Benito Mussolini, with caption "His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire ...".</ref> Mussolini held this title together with that of President of the Council of Ministers: this was the constitutional position which entitled him to rule Italy on behalf of the king of Italy. Founder of the Empire was added for the exclusive use by Mussolini in recognition of his founding of an official legal entity of the Italian Empire on behalf of the king in 1936 following Italy's victory in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The position was held by Mussolini until 1943, when he was removed from office by the king and the position of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was discontinued, while Marshal Pietro Badoglio was appointed {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

This position was the model which other fascist leaders adopted, such as the position of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by Adolf Hitler and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by Francisco Franco. In September 1943, Mussolini styled himself as the "Duce of the Italian Social Republic" (Template:Langx), and held the position until the collapse of the Italian Social Republic and his execution in April 1945.<ref>Quartermaine, L. (2000). Mussolini's Last Republic: Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic. p. 21.</ref>

History of the term

The title was used outside its traditional noble sense in some of the publications praising Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification in 1860, although not taken up officially by Garibaldi himself.<ref>Lucy Riall, "Garibaldi, Invention of a Hero", London, 2007, Ch. 9.</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literally) was more formally used by Victor Emmanuel III in 1915, during World War I, referring to his role as the commander in chief of the armed forces. The term was also used by Gabriele d'Annunzio as dictator of the self-proclaimed Italian Regency of Carnaro in 1920, and most significantly by Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. The first record of the term being used in reference to Mussolini dates to a banquet held in his honor in Forlì in 1912, celebrating his new position as editor-in-chief of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Because the title {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} has become associated with fascism, it is no longer in common use other than in reference to Mussolini. Because of modern anti-fascist sentiment, Italian speakers in general now use other words for leader, mainly including the English loanword. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} survives as an antonomasia for Mussolini.

Succession

Mussolini intended that the Grand Council of Fascism would choose a successor from a list of three men chosen by him, and submit the name for approval by the king. As of 1940, he may have been preparing his son-in-law Galeazzo Ciano for the role.<ref name="gunther1940">Template:Cite book</ref>

Title holder

Portrait	Duce Template:Small	Took office	Left office	Tenure	Party
File:Benito Mussolini portrait as dictator (retouched).jpg	Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)	23 March 1919	9 November 1921	Template:Small	rowspan=3 style="background:Template:Party color;" |	Italian Fasces of Combat
		9 November 1921	25 July 1943		National Fascist Party
		23 September 1943	28 April 1945 †		Republican Fascist Party

See also

• Caudillo
• Conducător
• Doge
• Führer
• Poglavnik
• Supreme Leader (disambiguation)