Dullahan

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File:Croker(1834)Fairy Legends p0239-dullahan.jpg

Dullahan, the headless horsemanTemplate:Right

The Dullahan (Irish: Dubhlachan; dúlachán, Template:IPAc-en) is a type of legendary creature in Irish folklore. He is depicted as a headless rider on a black horse, or as a coachman, who carries his own head. As it is not widely described in native sources, and no references to it appears on the Irish Folklore Commission's website, there is doubt as to whether the Dullahan was originally a part of the Irish oral tradition.

EtymologyEdit

Dullahan or Dulachan (Template:Langx [Duḃlaċan]) referring to "hobgoblin" (generic term; cf. Dullahan described as "unseelie (wicked) fairy"Template:Sfnp), literally "signifies dark, sullen person", according to the lexicographer Edward O'Reilly.Template:Refn Dulachan and Durrachan are alternative words for this "hobgoblin", and these forms suggest etymological descent from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "anger" or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "malicious" or "fierce".Template:Refn The original Irish term contains the stem dubh, meaning "black" in Irish.Template:Sfnp

Dullahan was later glossed as "dark, angry, sullen, fierce or malicious being",Template:Refn Template:Refn encompassing both etymologies, though Thomas Crofton Croker considered the alternative etymology more dubious than the dubh "black" ("dark") etymology.Template:Refn

The Dullahan is also called Colainn Gan Cheann, meaning "without a head" in Irish.

"Headless Coach" (Template:Langx)<ref name="lynd1912" /> or the "Soundless Coach" (literally "deaf coach", Template:Langx;<ref name="doyle_j.j.1922" /><ref name="lynd1912" /> Hiberno-English: Coshta Bower, corrupted to "coach-a-bower")Template:Sfnp Template:Refn is the name given to the vehicle driven by the Dullahan.<ref name="welsh1904" />

Folk BeliefsEdit

DescriptionEdit

He is depicted as a headless horseman,<ref>Template:Harvp. §The Dullhan, "The Headless Horseman", p. 146</ref> typically on a black horse,Template:Refn who may carry his own head in his hand or under his arm.<ref name="yeats1892" />Template:Sfnp The severed head has a revolting appearance, as in Croker's tale "The Headless Horseman":

..such a head no mortal ever saw before. It looked like a large cream cheese hung round with black puddings: no speck of colour enlivened the ashy paleness of the depressed features; the skin lay stretched over the unearthly surface almost like the parchment head of a drum. Two fiery eyes of prodigious circumference, with a strange and irregular motion, flashed like meteors.Template:Sfnp

According to the modern storyteller Tony Locke of County Mayo, the Dullahan's mouth, full of razor-sharp teeth, forms a grin reaching the sides of the head, its "massive" eyes "constantly dart about like flies", and the flesh has acquired the "smell, colour and consistency of mouldy cheese".<ref name="locke2014" />

There are also legends and tales mentioning the "Headless Coach"Template:Sfnp (also called "Coach-a-bower";Template:Sfnp Template:Langx<ref name="doyle_j.j.1922" />), with the Dullahan as its presumed driver.Template:Refn Template:Refn Cóiste Bodhar was referred to as "Soundless Coach" by Robert Lynd, who gave an account of a "silent shadow" of a coach passing by, provided by an avowed witness from Connemara.<ref name="lynd1912" /> However, William Butler Yeats explained that "the 'deaf coach' was so called because of its rumbling sound".<ref name="yeats1920" />Template:Refn According to one witness,Template:Efn only the silent shadow of the horse-drawn hearse, i.e., the "Soundless Coach" was seen passing by.<ref name="lynd1912" />

In Croker's poem "The Death Coach", the carriage axle is made of a human spine and the wheel-spokes are constructed from thigh bones.Template:Sfnp A later writer prosifying this description supplied additional details, so that the "two hollow skulls" used as lanterns on the carriageTemplate:Sfnp are set with candles,<ref name="white" /> and the hammercloth made of pall material "mildew'd by damps"Template:Sfnp is embellished as being chewed away by worms.<ref name="white" />Template:Refn

BehaviorEdit

A Dullahan appears as a mounted horseman or a coachmanTemplate:Refn driving a horse-drawn carriage out of graveyards.<ref name="ohanlon" /> The rumour of a Dullahan's appearance often develops near a graveyard or a charnel vault where a wicked aristocrat is reputed to be buried.<ref name="ohanlon" />

He arrives, driving the death coach, at the doorstep of a person whose death is approaching.Template:Refn According to Croker, the appearance of the "Headless Coach" foreshadows imminent death or misfortune.Template:Sfnp In "Hanlon's Mill", Michael (Mick) Noonan is returning from his trip to a shoemaker at Ballyduff, Co. Cork, and during his journey, he sees a black coach drawn by six headless black horses, driven by a headless coachman clad in black. The next morning, Mick receives news from the huntsman that Master Wrixon of Ballygibblin had a fit and died.Template:Sfnp

Croker reports that in one legend, a Headless Coach would run back and forth from Castle HydeTemplate:Efn to a glen/valleyTemplate:Efn beyond the village of Ballyhooly, in County Cork.Template:Efn Template:Sfnp Nearby in the town of Doneraile,Template:Efn it was said that the coach would visit the houses in succession, and whichever occupant dared to open the door would be splashed with a basin of blood by the coachman.Template:Sfnp

There are rumours that golden objects can force the Dullahan to disappear.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed

SightEdit

A modern commentator stated that the Dullahan has the ability to see with the severed head and can "use it to scan the countryside for mortals about to die".Template:Sfnp

In contrast, the headless coach in the tale "The Harvest Dinner" is described as a "blind (thief)",Template:Sfnp and Croker assumed he lacks sight.Template:Sfnp

WhipEdit

The Dullahan allegedly uses a human spine as a whip according to a number of 21st century commentators.Template:Sfnp<ref name="locke2014" />Template:Refn Template:Refn

The headless coachman merely bears a "long whip" in Croker's tale "The Harvest Dinner", with which he lashes the horses so furiously, he almost strikes a witness blind in an eye (the would-be-victim regarded it as deliberate assault).Template:Sfnp Croker deduced that the headless creature, as a way of habit, attempts to destroy his witness's eyeTemplate:Sfnp or eyes with his whip, reasoning that the coachman's wrath turns to the onlooker because he lacks the ability to look due to his headlessness.Template:Efn Template:Sfnp

Folk TalesEdit

Croker's Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland (1828) contained a section on "The Dullahan" devoted to the lore of headless beings.<ref>Template:Harvp, Section "The Dullahan". Chapters "The Good Woman"; "Hanlon's Mill"; "The Harvest Dinner"; "The Death Coach"; "The Headless Horsemann" II: 85–152</ref>

The tale "The Good Woman" recounts a peasant's encounter with a cloaked female who turns out to be a Dullahan. A peasant named Larry Dodd, a resident of "White Knight's Country" at the foot the Galtee Mountains (Galtymore),Template:Refn travels to Cashel where he buys a nag, intending to sell it at Kildorrery fair that June evening.Template:Sfnp He offers a ride to a cloaked female, and when he grabs her to exact a kiss as payment for the ride, he discovers her to be a Dullahan. After losing consciousness, in the church ruins he finds a wheel of torture set with severed heads (skulls) and headless Dullahans, both men and women and nobles and commoners of various occupations. Larry is offered a drink, and when he is about to compliment it, his head is severed mid-sentence. His head reverts when he regains his senses. He loses his horse to the Dullahans.Template:Sfnp Template:Refn Template:Void