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Dyaus (Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौस्, Template:IAST3) or Dyauspitr (Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौष्पितृ, Template:IAST3) is the Rigvedic sky deity. His consort is Prthvi, the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the Rigveda.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
NomenclatureEdit
Template:IAST stems from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyā́wš, from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) daylight-sky god Template:PIE, and is cognate with the Greek Διας – Zeus Patēr, Illyrian Dei-pátrous, and Latin Jupiter (from Old Latin Dies piter Djous patēr), stemming from the PIE Dyḗus ph₂tḗr ("Daylight-sky Father").Template:Sfn
The noun Template:IAST (when used without the Template:IAST 'father') refers to the daylight sky, and occurs frequently in the Rigveda, as an entity. The sky in Vedic writing was described as rising in three tiers, Template:IAST, Template:IAST, and Template:IAST or Template:IAST.<ref>Ṛg·veda, 5.60.6.</ref>
LiteratureEdit
Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́ appears in hymns with Prithvi Mata 'Mother Earth' in the ancient Vedic scriptures of Hinduism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the Ṛg·veda, Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́ appears in verses 1.89.4, 1.90.7, 1.164.33, 1.191.6, 4.1.10. and 4.17.4<ref>Sanskrit: Ṛg·veda, Wikisource; translation: Ralph T. H. Griffith Rigveda, Wikisource</ref> He is also referred to under different theonyms: Dyavaprithvi, for example, is a dvandva compound combining 'heaven' and 'earth' as Dyauṣ and Prithvi.
Dyauṣ's most defining trait is his paternal role.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> His daughter, Uṣas, personifies dawn.<ref>Template:Cite book Entry: "Dyaus"</ref> The gods, especially Sūrya, are stated to be the children of Dyauṣ and Prithvi.<ref name=":1" /> Dyauṣ's other sons include Agni, Parjanya, the Ādityas, the Maruts, and the Angirases.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The Ashvins are called "divó nápāt", meaning offspring/progeny/grandsons of Dyauṣ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dyauṣ is often visualized as a roaring animal, often a bull, who fertilizes the earth.<ref name=":0" /> Dyauṣ is also known for the rape of his own daughter, which, according to Jamison and Brereton (2014), is vaguely but vividly mentioned in the Rigveda.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>
Dyauṣ is also stated to be like a black stallion studded with pearls in a simile with the night sky.<ref name=":0" />Template:Sfn
Indra's separation of Dyauṣ and Prithvi is celebrated in the Rigveda as an important creation myth.<ref name=":1" />