Earth in science fiction

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The iconic photo of Earth known as The Blue Marble, taken by the crew of Apollo 17 (1972). This and similar images might have popularized Earth as a theme in fiction.<ref name="StablefordEarth" />Template:Rp

The overwhelming majority of fiction is set on or features the Earth, as the only planet home to humans or known to have life. This also holds true of science fiction, despite perceptions to the contrary. Works that focus specifically on Earth may do so holistically, treating the planet as one semi-biological entity. Counterfactual depictions of the shape of the Earth, be it flat or hollow, are occasionally featured. A personified, living Earth appears in a handful of works. In works set in the far future, Earth can be a center of space-faring human civilization, or just one of many inhabited planets of a galactic empire, and sometimes destroyed by ecological disaster or nuclear war or otherwise forgotten or lost.<ref name="GreenwoodEarth">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="StablefordEarth">Template:Cite book</ref>

Related vocabularyEdit

Template:See also In a number of works of science fiction, Earth's English name has become less popular, and the planet is instead known as Terra or Tellus, Latin words for Earth.<ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Inhabitants of Earth can be referred to as Earthlings, Earthers, Earthborn, Earthfolk, Earthians, Earthies (this term being often seen as derogatory), Earthmen (and Earthwomen), Earthpersons, Earthsiders, Solarians, Tellurians, Terrestrials, Terrestrians, or Terrans.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In addition, science fiction vocabulary includes terms like Earthfall for landing of a spaceship on planet Earth; or Earth-type, Earthlike, Earthnorm(al) and terrestrial for the concept of "resembling planet Earth or conditions on it".<ref name=":4" />Template:Rp

The concept of modifying planets to be more Earth-like is known as terraforming. The concept of terraforming developed from both science fiction and actual science. In science, Carl Sagan, an astronomer, proposed the terraforming of Venus in 1961, which is considered one of the first accounts of the concept.<ref name="The Planet Venus">Template:Cite journal</ref> The term itself, however, was coined by Jack Williamson in a science-fiction short story ("Collision Orbit") published in 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":4" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> although the concept of terraforming in popular culture predates this work; for example, the idea of turning the Moon into a habitable environment with atmosphere was already present in La Journée d'un Parisien au XXI^e siècle ("A Day of a Parisian in the 21st Century", 1910) by Template:Interlanguage link.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

ThemesEdit

In general, the vast majority of fiction, including science fiction, takes place on Earth.<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp To the extent that Earth is more than the obvious but forgettable background where the action of the story takes place, a number of themes have been identified.<ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp

EarthEdit

Many works of science fiction focus on the outer space, but many others still take place on Earth; this distinction has been subject to debates among the science fiction authors, visible for example in J. G. Ballard's 1962 essay Which Way to Inner Space?. Some critics of the "outer space adventures" have pointed to the importance of "earthly" concepts and imagery closer to contemporary readers' everyday experience.<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> While it has been argued that a planet can be considered "too large, and its lifetime too long, to be comfortably accommodated within fiction as a topic in its own right," this has not prevented some writers from engaging with said topic.Template:Efn<ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp<ref name=tp/>

Some works that focus on Earth as an entity have been influenced by holistic, "big picture" concepts such as the Gaia hypothesis, noosphere and the Omega Point, and the popularizing of the photography of Earth from space.<ref name="StablefordEarth" />Template:Rp Others works have addressed the concept of Earth as a Goddess Gaia Template:Efn (from Greek mythology; another prominent goddess of Earth whose name influenced science fiction was the Roman Terra or Tellus<ref name=":4" />Template:Rp). Bridging these ideas, and treating Earth as a semi-biological or even sentient entity, are classic works like Arthur Conan Doyle's When the World Screamed (1928) and Jack Williamson's Born of the Sun (1934).<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp

ShapeEdit

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A map of "The Interior World", from The Goddess of Atvatabar by William Bradshaw (1892)

Depictions of the Earth as being flat are uncommon in modern works, the sphericity of the planet having been proved around 200 B.C. by Archimedes and Eratosthenes. Exceptions to this include Terry Pratchett's satirical Discworld series—which was inspired by Hindu cosmology—and deliberately provocative works like S. Fowler Wright's novel Beyond the Rim from 1932.<ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp There have also been fictional accounts of a hollow Earth, such as Edgar Allan Poe's 1838 novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket inspired by John Cleves Symmes Jr.'s model featuring openings at the north and south poles whereby the interior can be accessed.<ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp A few writers have likewise engaged with another old fringe theory, that of Counter-Earth – a hypothetical planet that orbits on the other side of the solar system from Earth.Template:Efn<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp

Many stories portray Earth as known to modern science, but the exploration of its subterrean depths, relatively consistent with the knowledge of modern geology, is still subject to a number of works. Brian Stableford listed among "notable accounts of burrowing expeditions" into such an Earth works such as Harry Harrison's "Rock Diver" (1951).<ref name="StablefordEarth" />Template:Rp

Planetary engineeringEdit

Large scale planetary engineering includes ideas such as adjusting the Earth's axial tilt,Template:Efn or moving the Earth from its orbit.Template:Efn<ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp Some works deal with geoengineering, a term usually referred to large-scale projects attempting to deal with the problem of climate change; a theme common in many works of climate fiction.<ref name="SFEClimateChange" /> In the extreme case, Earth can be consumed in its entirety, all of its mass repurposed in construction of megastructures such as a Dyson sphere.Template:Efn<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp

File:Science Fiction Quarterly Summer 1940.jpg

Cover of Science Fiction Quarterly Summer 1940, depicting the destruction of Earth

The end of EarthEdit

Various versions of the future of Earth have been imagined. Some works focus on the end of the planet; those have been written in all forms – some focused on "ostentatious mourning";Template:Efn others more of a slapstick comedy;Template:Efn yet others take this opportunity to explore themes of astronomy or sociology.Template:Efn<ref name=sfend>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp The genre of climate fiction can often mix the themes of near and far future consequences of the climate change, whether anthropogenic Template:Efn or accidental.Template:Efn<ref name="SFEClimateChange">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp In other works, often found in the apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction and the Dying Earth genres, Earth has been destroyed or at least ruined for generations to come; many such works are therefore set in the background of Earth changed into a wasteland.Template:Efn Some of the works in these genres overlap with the climate change genre, as climate change and resulting ecological disasters are a commonly used plot device for events that trigger the fall of human civilization (other plots involve the destruction of Earth from human warfare, alien invasions,Template:Efn or from various sorts of man-made incidentsTemplate:Efn or accidental disasters).<ref name="SFEClimateChange" /><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="SFERuinedEarth">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp Many such works, set either during the disaster, or in its aftermath, are metaphors for environmental concerns or otherwise warnings about issues the writers think humanity needs to be concerned about.<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp<ref name="SFERuinedEarth" />

One planet among manyEdit

For many works set in the far future, Earth is just one of many inhabited planets of a galactic empire, federation or larger civilization, and many similar planets have been found or created (common themes in space opera), all of which challenges the idea of Earth's uniqueness.Template:Efn<ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp In some works, Earth is still a center of the known universe, or at least a significant player on the galactic scene.Template:Efn<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp In others, Earth has become of so little importance that it is a mostly forgotten backwards world.Template:Efn<ref name="StablefordEarth"/>Template:Rp<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp<ref name=logh/> In Clifford D. Simak's Cemetery World (1973) Earth is a planet-size cemetery and in Gordon R. Dickson's Call Him Lord (1966), a museum.<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp At its extreme, in some settings, knowledge of Earth has been simply lost, making it a mythological place, whose existence is questioned by the few who even know the legends about it.Template:Efn In some of these works, a major plotline can involve future civilizations or intrepid explorers seeking the "lost cradle" or Earth.Template:Efn Finally, some stories told from the perspective of aliens focus on their discovery of Earth.Template:Efn<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp<ref name=state/>

A different historyEdit

Some works look backwards – or perhaps sideways, not to the future of Earth, but to its past; here, works of science fiction can overlap with historic fiction as well as prehistoric fiction. This can happen particularly through the genres of alternate history Template:Efn as well as time travel (where as Gary Westfahl observed, most time travellers travel through time much more than space, visiting the past or future versions of Earth).<ref name="GreenwoodEarth" />Template:Rp

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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