Edible frog
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The edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus)Template:R is a hybrid species of common European frog, also known as the common water frog or green frog (however, this latter term is also used for the North American species Rana clamitans).
It is used for food, particularly in France as well as Germany and Italy, for the delicacy frog legs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Females are between Template:Convert long, males between Template:Convert.
This widespread and common frog has many common names, including European dark-spotted frog, European black-spotted pond frog, and European black-spotted frog.
DistributionEdit
Pelophylax esculentus is endemic to Europe. It naturally occurs from the northern half of France to western Russia, and from Estonia and Denmark to Bulgaria and northern Italy. The edible frog is introduced in Spain,<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref> Norway<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The natural range is nearly identical to that of P. lessonae.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HybridogenesisEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Pelophylax kl. esculentus is the fertile hybrid of the pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae) and the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus). It reproduces by hybridogenesis (hemiclonally).Template:R
Hybridogenesis implies that during gametogenesis hybrids (of RL genotype) exclude one parental genome (L or R) and produce gametes with an unrecombined genome of the other parental species (R or L, respectively), instead of containing mixed recombined parental genomes.Template:R The hybrid populations are usually propagated by mating (backcrosses) with a sympatric parental species – P. lessonae (LL) or P. ridibundus (RR) – providing the second, discarded parental genome (L or R respectively).Template:R Hybridogenesis is thus a hemiclonal mode of reproduction; half of the genome is transmitted to the next generation clonally, unrecombined (intact); the other half sexually, recombined.Template:R
For example, in the most widespread so called L–E system, edible frogs Pelophylax kl. esculentus (RE) produce gametes of the marsh frog P. ridibundus (R) and mate with coexisting pool frogs Pelophylax lessonae (L gametes) – see below in the middle.Template:R
Because this hybrid requires another taxon as a sexual host to reproduce, usually one of the parental species, it is a klepton,Template:R hence the addition of the "kl." (for klepton) in the species name.Template:R
There are also known all-hybrid populations, where diploid hybrids (LR) coexist with triploid (LLR or LRR) hybrids, providing L or R genomes respectively. In this situation, diploid hybrids (LR) generate not only haploid R or L gametes, but also the diploid gametes (RL) needed to recreate triploids.Template:R
- Rana-esculenta swimming 331.jpg
Swimming frog
- Rana-esculenta mating 325.jpg
Attempted copulation between two males
- Teichfrosch isst teichfrosch.JPG
Example of cannibalism
- Waterfrog head.jpg
Close-up of head
- Rana esculenta on nymphaea front view.JPG
Head close-up, another perspective
- Veekonn.JPG
Edible frog on a human arm
- Pelophylax esculentus 002.jpg
Edible frog in pond habitat
- Edible frog (Pelophylax esculentus).jpg
Edible frog in a swamp
- Larva of Edible frog.jpg
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- ArchéoZooThèque : Edible frog skeleton drawing Template:Webarchive
- Species account on HerpFrance.com Template:Webarchive
- Video: Pool frogs and hybrid green frogs on YouTube. Mixed mating of pool frog and edible frog; pool frog are grass green and smaller.