Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne

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Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (October 12, 1853 – May 24, 1937) was an American politician, lawyer, and jurist who was the 38th mayor of Chicago from 1905 to 1907<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the 24th Governor of Illinois from 1913 to 1917. Dunne is the only person to be elected both Mayor of Chicago and Governor of Illinois. He also served as a judge of the Illinois circuit court for Cook County from 1892 to 1905.

Early yearsEdit

Born in 1853, in Watertown, Connecticut, he was the son of an ardent Irish nationalist, Patrick William (P. W.) Dunne (1832–1921), who emigrated to America in 1849 after the failed Young Ireland revolt.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4">Morton, Richard Allen. Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive Insurance. p. 1-4. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.</ref> After moving to the United States, his father remained an ardent backer of Irish independence.<ref name="Grossman1"/> His mother, Delia Mary (Mary) Lawlor, was the daughter of a prosperous Irish contractor, and participant in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, who helped construct the docks of Galway.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/>

The family moved to Peoria, Illinois in 1855 while Dunne was still an infant, and he was educated there in the public schools.<ref name="Curtis, Georgina Pell p. 179-180">Curtis, Georgina Pell.The American Catholic Who's Who, Vol 1. p. 179-180. Washington, DC, 1910.</ref> Dunne had three sisters. His father refused to send his son to the local Catholic academy, because the Catholic Church had spoken out against the activities of the Fenians.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/>

P. W. Dunne was a prosperous businessman, active in both Irish and American politics.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/> He raised money for the Fenians, gave generously of his own funds, and frequently hosted Irish politicians, political exiles, and rebels in his home when they traveled to Chicago.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/> P. W. Dunne served on the Peoria City Council in the 1860s and was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives.

Education and early careerEdit

After Dunne graduated from high school in Peoria in 1871, he was sent to Ireland to attend Trinity College in Dublin.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/><ref name="Curtis, Georgina Pell p. 179-180"/> His father wanted his son to be educated at the alma mater of Irish patriot, Robert Emmet.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/> Among his classmates was the author Oscar Wilde.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/> Dunne did extremely well at Trinity, but was forced to leave one year short of graduation, after his father suffered a financial setback.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/>

Dunne returned to Illinois, and finished his education at Union College of Law in Chicago (that was jointly run by Northwestern University and the Old University of Chicago), where his family had settled in 1877.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/> He graduated from the Union College of Law in 1878. He married Elizabeth F. Kelly, the daughter of Edward F. Kelly, a Chicago businessman, and his wife, Kitty Howe Kelly, on August 16, 1881. Following his marriage he started a prosperous legal practice. The Dunnes had thirteen children, with nine of them surviving into adulthood.<ref name="Morton, Richard Allen p. 1-4"/><ref name="Curtis, Georgina Pell p. 179-180"/> His children included: Eileen Dunne Corboy, Mona T. Leonard, Maurice Dunne, Richard Dunne, Jeanette Dunne, Edward F. Dunne, Jr., Geraldine Dunne, Eugene Dunne, and Judge Robert Jerome "Duke" Dunne.

Circuit court judgeshipEdit

In 1892, at age 28, Dunne was elected judge of Cook County Circuit Court and served from 1892 to 1905.<ref name="Curtis, Georgina Pell p. 179-180"/>

During his judgeship, he was also elected the first president of the Irish Fellowship Club of Chicago in 1901.Template:Citation needed He had played a key role in the formation of this organization, which championed Irish independence.<ref name="Grossman1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Cook County Circuit Court and Cook County Superior Court judges sat in the Cook County Criminal Court in one-month rotations. While sitting in the criminal court on such a rotation, Dunne had originally been assigned to preside over the high-profile trial of Patrick Eugene Prendergast for the murder (assassination) of Chicago Mayor Carter Harrison III On November 6, 1893, Dunne presided over a brief trial session in which the defense attorneys declared that they intended to plead insanity for Prendergast, and asked for a continuance until December 4 on the grounds that they lacked the time to prepare. Dunne granted this continuance. Since he rotated out of the criminal court by December, Judge Theodore Brentano ultimately presided over the trial instead.<ref>Multiple sources:

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In late 1901, Dunne was one of three judges presiding over a criminal conspiracy case against Illinois Democratic political boss Robert E. Burke. Burke had served as a Chicago municipal oil inspector under Chicago mayor Carter Harrison IV and was charged with a conspiracy related to $65,000 he accepted in compensation.<ref name="Cyclopaedia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Burke had acted in disregard of an agreement he had signed when taking the position to return the charges he collected in return for a flat compensation.<ref name="Morton135-36"/> Facing the prospect of charges, Burke returned $30,000 to the city in worries that not returning it might place himself in greater legal jeopardy.<ref name="Cyclopaedia"/><ref name="Morton135-36">Morton 2019, p. 135–136</ref> Conspiracy charges were brought against Burke by Charles S. Deneen, the Republican Cook County state's attorney.<ref name="Morton135-36"/> Burke's defense attorney, A. S. Trude, successfully used a defectively-constructed ordinance's judicial construction to persuade Dunne and the other two judges (Theodore Brentano and Marcus Kavanaugh) to rule that the entire $65,000 was actually the rightful property of Burke and that he had actually unwittingly deprived himself of $30,000 of which he was entitled to hold by returning it to the city.<ref name="Cyclopaedia"/> Trude did this by arguing that Burke could not be criminally charged, because the city ordinance requiring the Chicago city oil inspector to give the city the fees he collected was, in fact, superseded by the state legislation that had established the position and its provision that allowed for the collection and the retention of all fees by the city oil inspector.<ref name="Morton135-36"/>

Another newsworthy trial that Dunne presided over was the 1895 trial of Alderman Charles Martin for alleged acceptance of bribes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MayoraltyEdit

File:Dispossessed - Keppler. LCCN2011645695 (crop1).jpg

Cover of the April 25, 1905 edition of Puck, portraying Dunne as dispossessing traction interests of their franchises

Dunne resigned his judgeship to run for mayor in January 1905, winning election on April 4, 1905, beating the Republican John Maynard Harlan. Dunne won with majorities in 22 of 35 wards in the city. The final tally was 161,189 votes for Dunne and 138,671 given to Harlan. His election was greeted with jubilation by social reformers throughout the nation. He was formally inaugurated on April 10, 1905<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the council of chambers in Chicago. At the annual Jefferson Day banquet held shortly after his inauguration, he was praised by William Jennings Bryan and Mayor Tom L. Johnson as a dynamic new leader of the national movement for reform. The primary issue which Dunne had campaigned upon, and the primary issue he would focus on as mayor, was the city's traction issue, for which he sternly favored having a solution which would result in immediate municipal ownership of the city's streetcar lines.<ref name=sullivan1>Template:Cite book</ref> As his primary assistant, Dunne chose Clarence Darrow, who was given the title of "Special Traction Counsel to the Mayor".<ref name=sullivan1/><ref>Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive. p. 14-17. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.</ref> After Darrow resigned from this role in November 1905, in 1906 Dunne appointed Walter L. Fisher as his replacement.<ref name=sullivan1/>

As Mayor, Dunne was instrumental in reducing the price of gasoline in Chicago from $1.00 to 85 cents, and of water from 10 cents to 7 cents per thousand gallons.<ref name="Curtis, Georgina Pell p. 179-180"/> He was also a strong proponent of municipal ownership of public utilities.<ref name="Curtis, Georgina Pell p. 179-180"/>

File:Edward Dunne with family.jpg

Dunne with family, circa 1905

Dunne was defeated in his bid for reelection in 1907 by Republican Fred A. Busse.

A 1994 survey of experts on Chicago politics saw Dunne ranked as the tenth-best mayor in the city's history up to that point.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Post-mayoraltyEdit

After his mayoralty ended on April 15, 1907,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dunne returned to his legal practice.

Dunne was narrowly defeated in the 1911 Democratic mayoral primary by another former Chicago mayor, Carter H. Harrison IV, who went on to regain the mayoralty.

GovernorshipEdit

File:Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (Illinois Blue Book Portrait 1915-1916).png

Dunne's official portrait as Governor of Illinois

Dunne formally announced his candidacy for Governor of Illinois on January 17, 1912. He won the Democratic Party primary election held on April 9 of that year. The main thrust of his campaign attack was on what he called "Jackpot Government".<ref>Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive. p. 59. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.</ref> In the general election, Dunne defeated the incumbent governor, Governor Charles S. Deneen in the fall of 1912. Dunne and the Democrats benefited from the split in the ranks of the Republican Party which divided by supporters of the incumbent President William Howard Taft and the Progressives who supported the third party candidacy of Theodore Roosevelt.

He was inaugurated as Governor of Illinois on February 3, 1913. He moved his family to the Illinois Governor's Mansion in Springfield, Illinois. As governor, he met with many visitors and guests. Former U.S. President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt was a visitor at the Illinois Governor's Mansion while Dunne was governor.

File:Governor Edward F. Dunne signs the Suffrage Bill in Illinois, June 26, 1913.jpg

Dunne signs a bill granting women suffrage in Illinois on June 26, 1913

As governor Dunne championed numerous progressive reforms,<ref>Illinois major party platforms: 1900-1964, by Nowlan, James Dunlap, 1966, P.117-118</ref> including Women's Suffrage, prison reforms, major infrastructural improvements, the creation of the Public Utility Commission, the Efficiency and Economy Commission, the Legislative Reference Bureau, and he also expanded the state's responsibility for overseeing workman's compensation benefits and teachers' pensions.<ref>Morton, Richard Allen. Edward F. Dunne: Illinois' Most Progressive Governor. ISHS, Winter 1990 edition. p.218-234 {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1913, Governor Dunne signed into law a bill that gave women in the State of Illinois the right to vote for President of the United States. This made Illinois the first state east of the Mississippi to give women the right to vote for the U.S. Presidency. This was six years before the passage of the 19th Amendment.

In November 1915, Dunne designated state Senator Stephen D. Canady of Hillsboro to appear as his representative on the train car along with the Liberty Bell as it passed through southern Illinois on its nationwide tour returning to Pennsylvania from the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. After that trip, the Liberty Bell returned to Pennsylvania and will not be moved again.<ref name="libertybell">Template:Cite news</ref>

Post-gubernatorial careerEdit

In 1919, Dunne traveled to the Paris Peace Conference to lobby President Woodrow Wilson to consider Irish independence to be a cause in keeping with the principle of self-determination that Wilson had advocated for in his "Fourteen Points".<ref name="Grossman1"/>

After finishing his term as governor, Dunne remained politically active. In 1921, he helped found an organization called the "National Unity Council" to combat the Ku Klux Klan.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">"Organizing to Fight The Ku Klux Klan", The New York Times, September 21, 1921. Accessed August 13, 2022.</ref>

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In 1919, Dunne was appointed by the Irish Race Convention to serve on the American Commission on Irish Independence. As part of this commission, Dunne traveled to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 in order to voice Irish-American desires for an independent Irish nation. During his stay in Europe, he also visited Ireland itself. He spent ten days touring the island and meeting with politicians including members of the First Dáil on May 9, 1919.<ref>Carroll, F. M. American Opinion and the Irish Question. (New York: St. Martin Press, 1978), 133 and 198.</ref>

Dunne returned once again to practicing law after leaving office in 1917. His legal practice was damaged by the ravages of the Great Depression, but he supplemented this work with a position as counsel to the Cook County Board of Election Commissioners.<ref>Morton, Richard Allen. Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive. p. 127. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.</ref>

After the death of his wife on May 25, 1928, Dunne began contemplating his memoirs.<ref name=Dies>Template:Cite news</ref> He was convinced by the Lewis Publishing Co. to write a history of Illinois. Over a five-year period he worked on this project with close help from William L. Sullivan, who had been his private secretary when he was governor. In 1933, he published a five (5) volume set titled: Illinois, the Heart of the Nation.<ref name="progressive">Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive pp. 125-26. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.</ref>

File:Grave of Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (1853–1937) at Calvary Cemetery, Evanston.jpg

Dunne's grave at Calvary Cemetery

President Franklin Roosevelt appointed Dunne to be a United States Commissioner for the Century of Progress World's Fair of Chicago of 1933-34. At the time he was 80 years old. He took great joy in this position and joked that he had served as mayor, governor and as a federal commissioner (and, thus, had served at all levels of government).<ref name="progressive"/>

DeathEdit

In his later years, Dunne lived with his oldest daughter, Eileen and her family. He died in Chicago on May 24, 1937, aged 83. He was surrounded by three of his nine children when he died.<ref name=Dies/> He is buried alongside his wife Elizabeth at Calvary Cemetery in Evanston. Dunne’s family today reside in Chicago, Connecticut, and New Jersey.