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Ferrol ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a city in the province of A Coruña<ref name=EB1911>Template:Cite EB1911</ref> in Galicia, Spain, located in the Rías Altas, in the vicinity of Strabo's Cape Nerium (modern-day Cape Prior).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=EB1911/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to the 2021 census, the city had a population of 64,785, making it the seventh-largest settlement in Galicia. With Eume to the south and Ortegal to the north, Ferrol forms the comarca of Ferrolterra.
Around a hundred years ago, and earlier, the harbour, with its depth, capacity and overall safety, had few equals in Europe; its entrance was very narrow,<ref name="Tofiño de San Miguel 1789 35">Template:Cite book</ref> commanded by forts, and could even be shut by a boom.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Ferrol has been a major naval shipbuilding centre for most of its history, being the capital of the Spanish Navy's Maritime Department of the North since the time of the early Bourbons.<ref name="Tofiño de San Miguel 1789 35"/> In the 17th century,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ferrol held the largest arsenal<ref name="EB1911" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in Europe. Today, the city contains several major shipbuilding yards belonging to the Navantia Group.
Ferrol was the birthplace of the dictator Francisco Franco in 1892. The municipality was officially named after him as "El Ferrol del Caudillo" from September 1938 to December 1982.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was also the birthplace of the founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Pablo Iglesias, in 1850.
Ferrol is one of the starting points of the English Way<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> of the Camino de Santiago.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to the modern requirement that pilgrims must travel 100 km (approx. 62 mi) by foot in order to be officially recognised, the city is a preferential starting point for those traversing the English Way.
Toponym and etymologyEdit
The first historical mention of this settlement, then called Burum<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or Arotebrarum Portum,<ref name="Mela 1522 162–163">Template:Cite book</ref> appears in the history of Pomponius Mela,<ref name="Mela 1522 162–163"/> a Roman historian who in the year AD 43 detailing a description of the Portus Magnus Artabrorum,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the "great port of the Artabri". The current toponym Ferrol, though, can only be traced back to the Middle Ages; a document from 1087<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> mentions sancto Iuliano de Ferrol, near the monastery of San Martín de Jubia (12th century, in Romanesque style), where Ferrol is probably the local evolution of the genitive form of the Latin name Ferreolus; Ferrol was probably, in origin, the estate of one Ferreolus.<ref>Cf. Template:Cite book</ref> In 1982 the government of Spain officially adopted the name Ferrol in accordance with its long history and tradition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Another theory about the etymology of the name Ferrol posits some relation to the Latin word ferro (iron), as the area has long been rich in metals, especially iron and tin, but also gold and silver. It is possible, since the bay of Ferrol was such a well guarded port, that the old fishing village was named after the metal by traders<ref name="William 1596 172">Template:Cite book</ref> reaching the enclave.
Alternatively, the name may derive from the legend of a Breton saint, Ferreol, who supposedly arrived there on a ship amid a chorus of seven sirens.Template:Citation needed Another tradition says that Ferrol comes from farol, alluding to the heraldic figure that appears on the coat of arms of the city.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, according to experts, the coat of arms of Ferrol dates back only to the eighteenth century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoryEdit
The existence of prehistoric human settlements in the area that would later become Ferrol is suggested by the abundance of burial chambers and megalithic monuments, as well as petroglyphs and other archaeological findings.<ref name="Jones 1949 7–8">Template:Cite book</ref> The Phoenicians<ref name="Jones 1949 157–159">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="William 1596 172"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> established in this area several dried and salted cod stations and their presence, together with that of the Ancient Greeks, is well documented by such classical historians as Herodotus, Strabo, Pomponius Mela, and Ptolemy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Roman times, in the 1st century BC, a fishing port existed which also traded in metals (like silver,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> gold,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> tin<ref name="Jones 1949">Template:Cite book</ref> and iron<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>), and wild horses.<ref name="Jones 1949"/> Near Ferrol<ref name="Jones 1949 69">Template:Cite book</ref> there is a place called Naraío <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (famous for its medieval castle), whose name bears a phonetic resemblance Strabo's Nerium,<ref name="Jones 1949 7–8"/> modern day Cape Prior.<ref name="Jones 1949 69"/> In ancient Hispania, these parts of the Iberia were dominated by the Artabri<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (or Arrotrebae<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>), who gave their name to the Portus Magnus Artabrorum ("Great Port of the Artabri"),<ref name="Jones 1949 69"/> formed not only by the bay of Ferrol but the three rias of Ferrol, Betanzos and A Coruña. Ferrol was then, as it is today, a first class natural harbour in the treacherous waters<ref name="Jones 1949 157–159"/> of the Atlantic, and very well guarded. Historically, it has often been described as the best natural port in Europe.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the whole Iberian Peninsula, including Ferrol, was raided by the Vandals and incorporated in 411 to the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> their kingdom was incorporated in 584 by Leovigild to the Visigothic Kingdom.<ref>(Britoniensis ecclesiae episcopus) Mailoc or Maeloc was the bishop of Britonia who participated in the Second Council of Braga (572)</ref>
Following the collapse of the Suebic-Visigothic state, these Christian parts of Iberia saw very little change in comparison with other parts of the peninsula, becoming part of the Kingdom of Asturias<ref name=EB1911/> as early as 750AD.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Over time, the Kingdom of Asturias<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> would split into further Christian kingdoms, causing the area to change hands several times between Galicia, Leon, and finally Castile.
Ferrol served as a strategic safe port<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> during the Hundred Years' War<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and sided with the House of Trastamara during the Castilian Civil War. As a personal reward to Fernan Perez de Andrade, in 1371, Henry II<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> gave the town to the powerful Andrade family.<ref>Ferrol Naval 1750 Ferrol Historia - Interesting document showing the royals of Spain from 1492 till 1805: Spanish Empire</ref>
In 1568<ref>"History of Ferrol" El Ferrolano Newspaper, 10 February 1846, no.1, Front Cover: Ferrol</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a fire reduced the old medieval town to rubble;<ref name="Meakin 1909 315">Template:Cite book</ref> in the same period some parts of the existing fortifications at the entrance of the estuary were built.<ref>World Heritage List: El Ferrol (Submission Papers) UNESCO, 27 April 2007</ref> The town was considered more important as a royal arsenal at this time than as a harbour.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
With the arrival of the Bourbons in the 18th century, Ferrol became a leading naval centre.<ref>The City and Naval Station of El Ferrol during the Reign of Charles III of Spain by the Dutch pilot Hugh Debbieg (1731–1810)</ref> Ferrol was made capital of the Maritime Department of the North, formed under Ferdinand VI and Charles III for the defence of the Spanish Colonial Empire in America.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Rapid improvements followed, notably under the leadership of the Marquis of Ensenada, and the position of Ferrol was made almost unassailable from the sea, the difficulties of disembarking troops on its precipitous coast being strengthened by a renewed line of fortresses and newly built castles, including that of San Carlos.
The Royal Dockyards of A Graña and Ferrol, built between 1726 and 1783,<ref>"Ferrol" Britannica.com, 2009</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> produced ships protected with copper sheets from the rolling mills of Xubia. In 1772, The Spanish Royal Academy of Naval Engineers of Ferrol, the first such academy in Spain, was created. For the most laborious work, six hundred galley slaves were employed in the harbour.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Edinburgh encyclopaedia">Template:Cite book</ref>
Ferrol is famous<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the history of the struggle between the Spanish Empire and the British for being one of the only enclaves in the world, together with Cartagena de Indias, that always resisted occupation successfully; Ferrol was virtually impossible to blockade in the age of sail, as strong westerly winds would take any blockading force away along the treacherous north coast of Spain towards the Costa da Morte (Coast of Death), where they had no safe haven. The geography of Ferrol meant that an entire Spanish fleet could slip out on a single tide. By the time the British were able to resume the blockade, the Spanish would be safely away and out to sea. Despite these advantages, a decline set in during the reign of Charles IV, and in 1800, during the Ferrol Expedition, after the defences had been reduced, a British fleet of 109 vessels landed troops on the beach of Doniños to take the Castle of San Felipe. Although only equipped with meagre artillery, the castle's small defence force under the command Count Donadio, together with a sizable number of volunteer citizens of Ferrol, successfully resisted the attack and the fleet withdrew. The alliance with the United Kingdom during the Peninsular War of 1808–1814 failed to prevent the deterioration in the town's fortunes. The arsenals and fortresses were abandoned and they were easily occupied by the French in 1809.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
When the war with Napoleonic France was over, many of the South American colonies<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> chose to pursue independence from Spain and the shipyards of Ferrol went into a serious decline, losing most of their civilian, clergy and military population. By 1824, Ferrol had a population of just 10,000 civilians and about 6,000 military personnel (stationed locally, if not permanently, at least during most of the year). Its mathematical school for marine artillerists, the pilot school, and the Spanish Royal Academy of Naval Engineers<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> were almost completely empty, in stark contrast to the glorious years of abundance<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> before the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Ferrol built only two ships of the line between 1794 and 1845,<ref>The 80-gun ships Neptuno (1795) and Argonauta (1796), see Enrique Garcia-Torralba Pérez, Navios de la Real Armada 1700-1860.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite journal</ref> although nine frigates and a considerable number of smaller warships were also constructed in this period. After half a century of decreased activity, it lost its title of capital under Ferdinand VII. However, there was a massive renovation during the leadership of Cardinal Alberoni and in just a few years fourteen great line-of-battle-ships were launched. New activities sprang up and Ferrol was employing 2,000 workmen<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in its foundries, now in full operation. A School of Naval Engineers<ref name="ReferenceA"/> was established where 40 students were taught the scientific principles of their profession by competent instructors educated in England and France. So successful in bringing the world's most advanced technologies was the administration of the Marquis de Molina,<ref>"The Armies of Europe, Spain as a War Making Power" New York Times, 6 February 1858, Page 4</ref> the Spanish Minister for Naval affairs, that by 1858 the Royal Dockyards of Ferrol were launching Spain's first steam propelled ship, which was also its first iron-hulled sailing ship.
The second half of the 19th century brought to the Royal Dockyards of Ferrol not only employment, but also concomitant social and political tensions,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which culminated in the failed republican uprising of 1872.<ref>"Entrance into Ferrol of the Government Troops" New York Times, 16 October 1872, Page 1</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Steamers between Ferrol and the port of Havana in Spanish Cuba were in frequent operation at the time, such that shipyard workers who got into trouble with the local authorities in Ferrol often fled to the Spanish Main.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
From the days of the Armada to the present, the Bay of Ferrol has attracted numerous ships seeking repairs or refuge after meeting with disaster<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or rough waters trying to cross the Bay of Biscay in bad weather. Such was the case of Cleopatra, carrying one of the two Cleopatra Needles,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which stands today on the Thames Embankment in London, UK. It arrived in Ferrol on 19 October 1877 after almost sinking off the west coast of France five days earlier. A plaque commemorating the event and those who died can be seen at the base of the Needle in London.
Ten years after the Spanish–American War of 1898,<ref>"Great Activity at Ferrol" New York Times, 11 June 1898, Page 1</ref><ref>The launch of "Cardenal Cisneros" the first "Pre-dreadnought battleship" built in Ferrol, Spain (1897) "The Ferrol and the Galician-rias commercial-role with North, South and Central America":El Correo Gallego (Spanish Newspaper) 19 March 1897 by Jose R. de Trujillo, Spanish Royal Navy Commander Template:In lang</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in which Spain lost Cuba<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the Philippines, the Antonio Maura government, in an attempt to restore the Spanish Navy and Spanish shipbuilding industry, hired the Spanish Society for Naval Construction,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> whose major investors were a British-Spanish conglomerate<ref name="Meakin 1909 315"/> taking contracts In the following proportions: 40% Vickers Sons and Maxim,<ref name="Vickers, Sons and Maxim">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 30% Marquis of Comillas of the Spanish Transatlantic Company, and 30% Biscay Furnace Company.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> All the previously state-owned shipbuilding yards, workshops, foundries and dry docks at Ferrol were handed over to the technical expertise of some of the finest British shipbuilders; John Brown, Vickers<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Vickers, Sons and Maxim"/> and Armstrong<ref>"SPANISH NAVY: Huge Contract in British Hands" Manchester Guardian, 1 February 1909, Page 12</ref> were now in charge of building the new Spanish fleet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
For a period of sixteen years, the technicians were exclusively British, and the situation was not altered till 1925, when management was taken over by Spanish engineers. This was one of the new policies introduced by the newly installed government of the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (1923–1930). The arrival of the British coincided with the construction of a local tram system (1924–1961).<ref>Vistas y curiosidades sobre la historia de El Ferrol y España Amazing Charley Inc.</ref>
In view of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, and due to the fear of social unrest in the naval station, the Foreign Office in London<ref>"British Vice-Consulate at Ferrol" General Correspondence FO 63/1041, The National Archives</ref><ref>"British Vice-Consulate at Ferrol" General Correspondence FO 72/1689, The National Archives</ref> organized a ship to repatriate all the remaining British citizens. On 22 July 1936, HMS Witch<ref>"British Sending Troops" New York Times, 22 July 1936, Page 3</ref> left Ferrol bound for Britain. At the beginning of the war, the shipbuilding yards, workshops, foundries and dry docks in Ferrol were taken over by the state. They were fully nationalized in 1945 under the name "Bazán", later renamed "IZAR", and, from January 2005, Navantia. The town was the birthplace of Francisco Franco, after whom the city was officially known as El Ferrol del Caudillo from 1938 to 1982. The end of the Spanish State and the arrival of democracy in 1978 did little to arrest Ferrol's economic decline,<ref>Shipbuilding Ferrol Historia - Shipbuilding crisis aftefr the arrival of democracy in Spain</ref><ref>Spanish shipyard resists that sinking feelingTemplate:Dead link Financial Times, 19 October 1984</ref> and from 1982 to the early 1990s, the city faced numerous problems due to the waning of the naval sector. The beginning of the new millennium, however, has been a time of economic expansion and prosperity in general.<ref>Fridtjof Nansen class frigates during one of the final stages for completion in Ferrol Ferrol Historia</ref> A new motorway and an outer-port<ref>Views of the new outer-port of Ferrol, an intermodal freight transport port design to suit the new needs Ferrol Historis</ref> have been built, as have numerous arcades and shopping centres, mostly in the outskirts of the city between Ferrol and Naron. Young shoppers and their families frequent the stores and enjoy weekend days out with amenities like bowling, cafeterias, fast food outlets, cinemas and sports facilities.
The Spanish Navy Spanish Squadron<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> still takes part in naval demonstrations and in June 2008 Ferrol hosted the large NATO Maritime Exercise Loyal Mariner (RN).<ref>NATO Maritime Exercise Loyal Mariner (RN) Template:Webarchive</ref>
The Ferrol Terminus railway station, connecting Lugo to Ferrol, branching off from the line from Madrid to nearby A Coruña, was sanctioned by the Cortes in Madrid as early as 1865 but was not finally inaugurated until 1904. A century later, the High Speed AVE Railway suffered similar delays, eventually opening in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In September 2017,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> a new local railway branch serving the outer port of Ferrol (known as the Canelinas-Ferrol container port), the inside of the bay docks and the Ferrol Terminus railway station was given the green light to begin construction, and aims to move large numbers modern containers in and out of Ferrol, distributing goods throughout Galicia and the rest of Spain and Europe. A small railway local branch operated here in the early years of the 20th century. At that time, Ferrol itself and its ports were intended solely for the Royal Navy and its shipyards,<ref name="Edinburgh encyclopaedia"/> and hence were not open to the general commerce per se. Historically, however, there have been many exceptions, with local businesses including PEMSA (timber), PYSBE (dried and salted cod) and HISPANIA (pencils), in addition to manufacturers of hats, paper and leather, plus naval and hardware stores. Items such as corn, wine, brandy, vinegar, pilchards and herrings (and other produce from Ferrol's own fisheries) have also been exported.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
ClimateEdit
Like much of Galicia, Ferrol has a humid oceanic climate, characterised by year-long mild temperatures, rainy winters, and relatively dry summers, although it is slightly wetter than the typical Spanish Mediterranean climate during the summer season.
DemographicsEdit
Template:Historical populations
EconomyEdit
- Primary Industries – Agriculture (Horse Breeding), Aquaculture (Fish Farming), Fishing (Specializing in the Atlantic Shoals), Important Mines (ENDESA), NTFPs (Forestry), Quarries and Timber.
- Secondary Industries – Shipbuilding, Ship Engines, Turbines (Wind Mills and Ships), Electrical Equipment, Ironworks, Fashion (Textiles), Food (Canned Fish) and Wood-Made Products.
- Tertiary Industries – Mercantile, Fishing and Military Ports, Restaurants, News Media (Ferrol TV/Diario de Ferrol), Hotels (Barceló Almirante/Pazo Libunca), Leisure and Tourism (World Surf Competitions, Popular Transatlantic Steamships Stop), Consulting, Health Care/Hospitals (Arquitecto Marcide Hospital Complex), Education (Schools, Colleges/ESENGRA and Universities/UNED/PERITOS) and Public Utilities, Franchises (main brand names and designer label's shops), Wholesale (Navy Suppliers/Anton-Martin) and Retail Industries (El Corte Inglés/Alcampo).
- Quaternary Sector Industries – Naval, Electrical and Mechanical Equipment together with New Technologies.
FestivalsEdit
| Event Name | Translation into Template:In lang | Event Date | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Three Kings Parade | Desfile de los Reges Magos | 6 January | |
| Saint Julian's Day<ref>This is a very special day because Saint Julian{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst | $B=
Template:Fix }} is the patron saint of Ferrol. On this day all the locals enjoy having a gorgeous traditional sweet rice pudding following a local recipe as they have been doing for so long that nobody can tell for sure when this ancient tradition really started.</ref> |
Día de San Julián | 7 January |
| Carnival Festival<ref>Also known as "O'Antroido" in Galician.</ref> | Festival de Carnaval | February or March | |
| Saint Josephine's Night<ref>On Saint Josephine's Night all the men of Ferrol take to the streets with their guitars and other musical instruments, wearing traditional gear design for purpose, to sing beautiful songs to every woman young and old, particularly those with the name Josephine or “Peppa” (which means Josephine in Spanish, hence “Noche de la Pepitas”, literally “Night of the young Peppas”).</ref> | Noche de las Pepitas | 18 March | |
| Holy Week Celebration<ref>The Holy Week celebrations of Ferrol were declared of National Interest by Spanish Government in 1996.
Template:In lang Official website of one of the organisers “Cofradias de Dolores”</ref> |
Semana Santa | March or April | |
| Chamorro's Day<ref>Every year at the end of the Holy Week the city of Ferrol celebrates a bank holiday devoted to the Holy Virgin Mary at mount Chamorro where a shrine was built by the Andrade family about a century earlier than the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.</ref> | Día de Chamorro | March or April | |
| Horse Riding Competitions<ref>The best known one is organised by FIMO and is known as "Equiocio" Template:In lang Official website of Turgalicia about EQUIOCIO</ref> | Competiciones de Hípica | April | |
| Galician Literature Day | Día de las Letras Gallegas | 17 May | |
| Corpus Christi Celebrations<ref>For "Corpus Christi" Ares and other localities of Ferrolterra, following an ancient Christian tradition, celebrate and rejoice plentiful in style, covering the main streets of their city centres with colourful flowery carpets.</ref> | Corpus Christi | May or June | |
| St. John's Eve<ref>St. John's Eve (or Bonfire Night) is celebrated in all the parishes of Ferrolterra with the lighting of bonfires.</ref> | Víspera de San Juan | 23 June | |
| Our Lady of Mount Carmel's Day<ref>This special day is celebrated in different ways throughout the different parishes of Ferrolterra; while some of them enjoy preparing beautiful floral offerings dedicated to the Virgin Mary pretty much in the “Corpus Christi” carpets fashion, others are more inclined to organize a small sea or land procession if not a food party.</ref> | Día del Carmen | 16 July | |
| Celtic Music Festival | Festival de Música Celta | 29 July | |
| Traditional Horse Events<ref>In different parts of Ferrolterra, particularly in the Sierra da Capelada where horse breeding is an important industry, there is an interesting celebration of Celtic roots involving food, music and horses. This is a “Rapa das Bestas” where the newly born horses are marked and have their hair cut as the major part of the event. Of course, the whole event and festivity is open to all visitors.</ref> | Festivales Equinos Tradicionales | August | |
| Surf Championships | Competiciones de Surf | August | |
| Ferrol Summer Festival<ref>Usually involves different activities like theatrical performances, rock concerts, fireworks and all sorts of organized entertainment.</ref> | Fiestas de Verano de Ferrol | August | |
| Battle of Mount Brion<ref>Literally, a re-enactment of the battle which took place in Ferrol between the British and the local Spaniards in the year 1800 where the British, the belligerent force, were driven out from their attempt to capture the most important naval station of Spain in northern Iberia. There were well founded reasons for the British to believe that the Spaniards were going to take side with Napoléon a few years later. And this was exactly what happened. Template:In lang Website of the voluntaries from Madrid 1808–1814</ref> | Batalla del Monte de Brión | 25-26 August | |
| Saint Raymond's Day<ref>Also known as the fireworks of the Marquis of Amboage.</ref> | Día de San Ramón | 31 August |
International relationsEdit
Twin towns – Sister citiesEdit
Ferrol is twinned with:
- Template:Flagicon Águeda, Portugal (1999)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Mondoñedo, Galicia, Spain (2004)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Lugo, Galicia, Spain (2000)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Vila do Conde, Portugal (1973)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable peopleEdit
- Alonso Pita da Veiga
- Andrés Suárez, singer-songwriter
- Ángeles Alvariño González (1916–2005), biologist and oceanographer
- Benito Vicetto Pérez (1824–1878), writer
- Carlos Jean (born 1973), electronic musician and music producer
- Concepción Arenal (1820–1893), writer, feminist activist
- Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza (1875–1960), painter
- Francisco Franco (1892–1975), dictator of Spain from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) to his death
- Frederick H. Shaw (1864–1924)
- Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (1910–1999), writer
- Ignacio Fernández Toxo (born 1952), ex general secretary of the national union CCOO and President of the ETUC
- Jenaro Pérez Villaamil (1807–1854), painter
- Jesús Vázquez Martínez (born 1965), TV presenter
- José Canalejas Méndez (1854–1912), former Spanish Prime Minister died in office
- María Isabel Rivera Torres (born 1952), actress
- Marquis of Amboage (1823–1892), multimillionaire and politician
- Nacho Novo (born 1979), professional footballer
- Pablo Iglesias Posse (1850–1925), politician and founder of Spanish socialist party PSOE
- Paloma Pérez-Lago González (born 1967), fashion model and TV presenter
- Patricio Montojo y Pasarón (1839–1917), Spanish admiral during the Spanish–American War who was defeated at the Battle of Manila Bay
- Aurora Rodríguez Carballeira (1879–1955), woman who murdered her teenage daughter, conceived as a eugenics experiment
- Paula Vázquez Picallo (born 1973), TV presenter and model
- Ramón Franco (1896–1938), aviator and brother of Francisco Franco
- Ricardo Carvalho Calero (1910–1990), academic at the University of Santiago de Compostela and the first ever professor of Galician language and Galician literature
- Ignacio Cabezón (1954-2021), politician
See alsoEdit
- El Casino de Ferrol
- El Circulo Mercantil de Ferrol
- El Club Naval de Ferrol
- El Correo Gallego
- El Diario de Ferrol
- El Ferrol Diario
- Endesa Termic
- Racing Club de Ferrol
- School of Peritos Navales and Industriales
- Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval
- Spain's National Exhibition of Ship Building
- List of municipalities in A Coruña
NotesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project links
- Template:Official website Template:In lang
- Green Tourism in Northern Spain 2005
- Site devoted to the art of landscape and nature of Ferrolterra Template:In lang
- When I Was a Child in Ferrol, Spain (1953–65)
Template:Ferrolterra Template:Andrade Lands Template:Ferrol-San Cibrao Template:Galician cities Template:A Coruña (province)