Electronic voting machine
An electronic voting machine is a voting machine based on electronics. Two main technologies exist: optical scanning and direct recording (DRE).
Optical scanningEdit
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In an optical scan voting system, or marksense, each voter's choices are marked on one or more pieces of paper, which then go through a scanner. The scanner creates an electronic image of each ballot, interprets it, creates a tally for each candidate, and usually stores the image for later review.
The voter may mark the paper directly, usually in a specific location for each candidate. Or the voter may select choices on an electronic screen, which then prints the chosen names, and a bar code or QR code summarizing all choices, on a sheet of paper to put in the scanner.<ref name="vv-bmd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hundreds of errors in optical scan systems have been found, from feeding ballots upside down, multiple ballots pulled through at once in central counts, paper jams, broken, blocked or overheated sensors which misinterpret some or many ballots, printing which does not align with the programming, programming errors, and loss of files.<ref name="bren10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The cause of each programming error is rarely found, so it is not known how many were accidental or intentional.
Direct-recording electronic (DRE)Edit
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In a DRE voting machine system, a touch screen displays choices to the voter, who selects choices, and can change their mind as often as needed, before casting the vote. Staff initialize each voter once on the machine, to avoid repeat voting. Voting data are recorded in memory components, and can be copied out at the end of the election.
Some of these machines also print names of chosen candidates on paper for the voter to verify, though less than 40% verify.<ref name="bmd-cohn">Template:Cite news</ref> These names on paper are kept behind glass in the machine, and can be used for election audits and recounts if needed. The tally of the voting data is printed on the end of the paper tape. The paper tape is called a Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT). The VVPATs can be tallied at 20–43 seconds of staff time per vote (not per ballot).<ref name="votersunite">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ga">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
For machines without VVPAT, there is no record of individual votes to check. For machines with VVPAT, checking is more expensive than with paper ballots, because on the flimsy thermal paper in a long continuous roll, staff often lose their place, and the printout has each change by each voter, not just their final decisions.<ref name="ga"/>
Problems have included public web access to the software, before it is loaded into machines for each election, and programming errors which increment different candidates than voters select.<ref name="bren10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany found that with existing machines could not be allowed because they could not be monitored by the public.<ref>German Federal Constitutional Court, Press release no. 19/2009 of 3 March 2009 Template:Webarchive</ref>
Successful hacks have been demonstrated under laboratory conditions.<ref>Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Machine</ref><ref>Nedap/Groenendaal ES3B voting computer, a security analysis</ref><ref>Dutch citizens group cracks Nedap's voting computer Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Use of SDU voting computers banned during Dutch general elections (Heise.de, 31. October 2006) Template:Webarchive</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Electronic voting#Machines
- Vote counting#Electronic counting
- Electronic voting
- Electronic voting in India