Erysipelas

Erysipelas (Template:IPAc-en) is a relatively common bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the skin (upper dermis), extending to the superficial lymphatic vessels within the skin, characterized by a raised, well-defined, tender, bright-red rash, typically on the face or legs, but which can occur anywhere on the skin. It is a form of cellulitis and is potentially serious.<ref name="Ferri2018">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Dermnetz>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=David2019>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Erysipelas is usually caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A, β-hemolytic streptococci, which enters the body through a break in the skin, such as a scratch or an insect bite. It is more superficial than cellulitis and is typically more raised and demarcated.<ref name=CDC>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The term comes from the Greek ἐρυσίπελας (erysípelas), meaning red skin.<ref name=Bhat2019>Template:Cite book</ref>

In animals, erysipelas is a disease caused by infection with the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. In animals, it is called diamond skin disease, and occurs especially in pigs. Heart valves and skin are affected. E. rhusiopathiae can also infect humans, but in that case, the infection is known as erysipeloid and is an occupational skin disease.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms often occur suddenly. Affected individuals may develop a fever, shivering, chills, fatigue, headaches, and vomiting, and be generally unwell within 48 hours of the initial infection.<ref name="Ferri2018"/><ref name=Dermnetz/> The red plaque enlarges rapidly and has a sharply demarcated, raised edge.<ref name=CDC/><ref name="Fitzpatrick2009">Template:Cite book</ref> It may appear swollen, feel firm, warm, and tender to touch, and have a consistency similar to orange peel.<ref name=Dermnetz/> Pain may be extreme.<ref name=Fitzpatrick2009/>

More severe infections can result in vesicles (pox or insect bite-like marks), blisters, and petechiae (small purple or red spots), with possible skin necrosis (death).<ref name=Fitzpatrick2009/> Lymph nodes may be swollen and lymphedema may occur. Occasionally, a red streak extending to the lymph node can be seen.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The infection may occur on any part of the skin, including the face, arms, fingers, legs, and toes; it tends to favour the extremities.<ref name="Ferri2018"/> The umbilical stump and sites of lymphedema are also common sites affected.<ref name=Fitzpatrick2009/> Fat tissue and facial areas, typically around the eyes, ears, and cheeks, are most susceptible to infection.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Repeated infection of the extremities can lead to chronic swelling (lymphoedema).<ref name=Dermnetz/>

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  Erysipelas (ear)

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  Erysipelas (arm)

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  Erysipelas (leg)

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  Recurrent erysipelas

Cause

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Streptococcus pyogenes

Most cases of erysipelas are due to Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A, β-hemolytic streptococci, less commonly to group C or G streptococci and rarely to Staphylococcus aureus. Newborns may contract erysipelas due to Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B streptococcus or GBS.<ref name=Fitzpatrick2009/>

The infecting bacteria can enter the skin through minor trauma, bites (human, insect or animal), surgical incisions, ulcers, burns, or abrasions. Underlying eczema or athlete's foot (tinea pedis) may be present, and it can originate from streptococcal bacteria in the subject's own nasal passages or ear.<ref name=Fitzpatrick2009/>

The rash is due to an exotoxin, not the Streptococcus bacteria, and is found in areas where no symptoms are present, e.g. the infection may be in the nasopharynx, but the rash is found usually on the epidermis and superficial lymphatics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Diagnosis

Erysipelas is usually diagnosed by the clinician looking at the characteristic well-demarcated rash following a history of injury or recognition of one of the risk factors.<ref name=Dermnetz/> Tests, if performed, may show a high white-cell count, raised CRP, or positive blood culture identifying the organism.<ref name=Dermnetz/> Skin cultures are often negative.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Erysipelas must be differentiated from herpes zoster, angioedema, contact dermatitis, erythema chronicum migrans of early Lyme disease, gout, septic arthritis, septic bursitis, vasculitis, allergic reaction to an insect bite, acute drug reaction, deep vein thrombosis, and diffuse inflammatory carcinoma of the breast.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Differentiating from cellulitis

Erysipelas can be distinguished from cellulitis by two particular features - its raised advancing edge and its sharp borders. The redness in cellulitis is not raised and its border is relatively indistinct.<ref name=Fitzpatrick2009/> Bright redness of erysipelas has been described as a third differentiating feature.<ref name=Stevens2016>Template:Citation</ref>

Erysipelas does not affect subcutaneous tissue. It does not release pus, only serum or serous fluid. Subcutaneous edema may lead the physician to misdiagnose it as cellulitis.<ref name="UpToDate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Clarify

Treatment

Treatment is with antibiotics; (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefalexin, or cloxacillin) taken by mouth for five days, though sometimes longer.<ref name=AWARE2022>Template:Cite book</ref> Because of the risk of reinfection, prophylactic antibiotics are sometimes used after resolution of the initial condition.<ref name=Dermnetz/>

Prognosis

The disease prognosis includes:

• Spread of infection to other areas of body can occur through the bloodstream (bacteremia), including septic arthritis. Glomerulonephritis can follow an episode of streptococcal erysipelas or other skin infection, but not rheumatic fever.Template:Cn
• Template:Visible anchor of infection: Erysipelas can recur in 18–30% of cases even after antibiotic treatment. A chronic state of recurrent erysipelas infections can occur with several predisposing factors, including alcoholism, diabetes, and athlete's foot.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another predisposing factor is chronic cutaneous edema, such as can in turn be caused by venous insufficiency or heart failure.<ref>Template:Cite book Page 194</ref>
• Lymphatic damage<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
• Necrotizing fasciitis, commonly known as "flesh-eating" bacterial infection, is a potentially deadly exacerbation of the infection if it spreads to deeper tissue.Template:Cn

Epidemiology

Currently, no validated recent data have been published on the worldwide incidence of erysipelas.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite journal</ref> From 2004 to 2005, UK hospitals reported 69,576 cases of cellulitis and 516 cases of erysipelas.<ref name=":14" /> One book stated that several studies have placed the prevalence rate between one and 250 in every 10,000 people.<ref name=":04">Template:Cite book</ref> The development of antibiotics, as well as increased sanitation standards, has contributed to the decreased rate of incidence.<ref name=":23">Template:Citation</ref> Erysipelas caused systemic illness in up to 40% of cases reported by UK hospitals, and 29% of people had recurrent episodes within three years.<ref name=":14" /> Anyone can be infected, although incidence rates are higher in infants and elderly.<ref name=":23" /> Several studies also reported a higher incidence rate in women.<ref name=":23" /> Four out of five cases occur on the legs, although historically, the face was a more frequent site.<ref name="David2019" />

Risk factors for developing the disease include:<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Arteriovenous fistula
• Chronic skin conditions such as psoriasis, athlete's foot, and eczema
• Excising the saphenous vein
• Immune deficiency or compromise, such as
  • Diabetes
  • Alcoholism
  • Obesity
  • Human immunodeficiency virus
• In newborns, exposure of the umbilical cord and vaccination site injury
• Issues in lymph or blood circulation
• Leg ulcers
• Lymphatic edema
• Lymphatic obstruction
• Lymphoedema
• Nasopharyngeal infection
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Pregnancy
• Previous episode(s) of erysipelas
• Toe web intertrigo
• Traumatic wounds
• Venous insufficiency or disease

Preventive measures

Individuals can take preventive steps to decrease their risk of catching the disease. Properly cleaning and covering wounds is important for people with an open wound. Effectively treating athlete's foot or eczema if either was the cause of the initial infection decreases the chance of the infection occurring again. People with diabetes should pay attention to maintaining good foot hygiene.<ref name=":04" /> Follow up with doctors is important to make sure the disease has not come back or spread. About one-third of people who have had erysipelas will be infected again within three years.<ref name=":14" /> Rigorous antibiotics may be needed in the case of recurrent bacterial skin infections.<ref name=":04" />

Notable cases

• In Rodrigo Souza Leão's autobiographical novel All Dogs are Blue, he says that his erysipelas is cured by the antibiotic Benzetacil (benzathine benzylpenicillin).<ref>Souza Leão, Rodrigo (2013). All Dogs are Blue. High Wycombe: And Other Stories. Template:ISBN. p. 49.</ref>

History

It was historically known as St Anthony's fire,<ref name=David2019/> with past treatments including muriated tincture of iron,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> a solution of Iron(III) chloride in alcohol.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>