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}}Template:Main other Erzurum (Template:Langx;<ref name="EIS" /> Template:Langx<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of ancient Theodosiopolis.
The city uses the double-headed eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif that has been a common symbol throughout Anatolia since the Bronze Age.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Erzurum has winter sports facilities, hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the 2023 Winter Deaflympics (in March 2024).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Name and etymologyEdit
The city was originally known in Armenian as Karno K'aghak' (Template:Langx), meaning city of Karin, to distinguish it from the district of Karin (Կարին).<ref name="EIS"/> It is presumed its name was derived from a local tribe called the Karenitis.<ref name="ASE">Template:In lang Darbinian, M. "Erzurum," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, vol. 4, p. 93.</ref> An alternate theory contends that a local princely family, the Kamsarakans, the Armenian off-shoot of the Iranian Kārin Pahlav family, lent its name to the locale that eventually became the city.Template:Sfn
During Roman times, Erzurum was named Theodosiopolis (Template:Langx, Template:Langx). On the Tabula Peutingeriana it is called Autisparate. After the Arab conquest of Armenia in the seventh century, the city was known to the Arabs as Kālīkalā (adopted from the original Armenian name Karno K'aghak' (Template:Langx), meaning 'Karin City', to distinguish it from the district of Karin (Կարին).<ref name="EIS"/>
It received its present name after its conquest by the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.<ref name="EIS"/> In 1048/49, a neighboring commercial city named Artze (Arcn, Arzan; Armenian: Արծն) was heavily sacked by the Seljuks.<ref name="EIS">Template:EI2</ref><ref>Template:ODB.</ref> Its Armenian, Syrian, and other Christian inhabitants moved to Theodosiopolis, which they began calling Artsn Rum (meaning 'Artze of the Rûm', i.e., Romans) to distinguish it from their former residence.<ref name="Laurent-Canard">See Joseph Laurent's extensive note in his Template:In lang L’Arménie entre Byzance et l’Islam depuis la conquête arabe jusqu’en 886, 1919, new edition revised and updated by Marius Canard (Lisbon: Librairie Bertrand, 1980), pp. 87–88, note 83.</ref><ref>Template:In lang Markwart, Joseph. Südarmenien und die Tigrisquellen nach griechischen und arabischen Geographen (Vienna: Mechitharisten-Buchdruckerei, 1930), pp. 41, 334, 339.</ref><ref>Robert H. Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth: The Historical Geography of Bardzr Hayk" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003), pp 42–44.</ref><ref name="EIS"/>
Some older sources derive the name Erzurum from the Arabic Arḍu ar-Rūm (Template:Langx) 'land of the Rûm'.<ref name="Laurent-Canard"/><ref name="ASE"/>
During the brief period it came under Georgian rule,Template:When the city was known as Karnu-kalaki (Template:Lang-ka).<ref>Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 5, p. 412, Tb., 1980.</ref>
The following variants of the name also occur: Erzerum, Arzrum.Template:Sfn
HistoryEdit
Early historyEdit
The surroundings of Erzurum at the Urartian period presumably belonged to Diauehi.<ref>Kemalettin Köroğlu: The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom. In: Altan Çilingiroğlu/G. Darbyshire (Hrsg.): Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van. 6.–10. August 2001. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 3 (Ankara 2005), p. 101.</ref>
Later, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the Artaxiad and Arsacid kings of Armenia, Karin served as the capital of the eponymous canton of Karin, in the province Bardzr Hayk' (Upper Armenia).<ref>Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 103.</ref> After the partition of Armenia between the Eastern Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia in 387 AD, the city passed into the hands of the Romans who fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor Theodosius I.<ref>Garsoïan, Nina G. "The Foundation of Theodosiopolis-Karin" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 63–72.</ref>
As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors Anastasius I and Justinian I both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.<ref>Template:In lang Arakelyan, Babken N. "Hayastani Khoshor Kagh'ak'nere" [The Great Cities of Armenia] in Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmutyun [History of the Armenian People]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 3, p. 232.</ref>
Middle AgesEdit
Theodosiopolis was conquered by the Umayyad general Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik in 700/701. It became the capital of the emirate of Ḳālīḳalā and was used as a base for raids into Byzantine territory. Though only an island of Arab power within Christian Armenian-populated territory, the native population was generally a reliable client of the Caliph's governors. As the power of the Caliphate declined, and the resurgence of Byzantium began, the local Armenian leaders preferred the city to be under the control of powerless Muslim emirs rather than powerful Byzantine emperors.<ref>Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 310, 320.</ref>
In 931, and again in 949, Byzantine forces led by Theophilos Kourkouas, grandfather of the future emperor John I Tzimiskes, captured Theodosiopolis. Its Arab population was expelled and the city was resettled by Greeks and Armenians.<ref>Whittow. The Making of Byzantium, p. 322.</ref> Emperor Basil II rebuilt the city and its defenses in 1018 with the help of the local Armenian population.<ref>Arakelyan. "The Great Cities of Armenia", pp. 232–233.</ref> In 1071, after the decisive battle at Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks took possession of Theodosiopolis. The Saltukids were rulers of an Anatolian beylik (principality) centered in Erzurum, who ruled from 1071 to 1202. Melike Mama Hatun, sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.
Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and Georgians (the latter knew the city as Karnu-Kalaki) until 1201 when the city and the province was conquered by the Seljuk sultan Süleymanshah II. Erzen-Erzurum fell to the Mongol siege in 1242, and the city was looted and devastated. After the fall of the Sultanate of Rum in early 14th century, it became an administrative province of the Ilkhanate, and later on the city was under Empire of Trebizond occupation for a while around the 1310s.<ref>Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M.; "Trabzon Imparatorluğu 2" 2016, Trabzon, (Template:ISBN); pp.133–134</ref> Then became part of the Timurid Empire, the Çoban beylik, Black Sheep Turkmen, and White Sheep Turkmen. It subsequently passed to Safavid Persia, until the Ottomans under Selim I in 1514 conquered it through the Battle of Chaldiran. During Ottoman imperial rule, the city served as the main base of military power in the region.
It served as the capital of the eyalet of Erzurum. Early in the seventeenth century, the province was threatened by Safavid Persia and a revolt by the province governor Abaza Mehmed Pasha. This revolt was combined with Jelali Revolts (the uprising of the provincial musketeers called the Jelali), backed by Iran and lasted until 1628. In 1733, Iranian ruler Nader Shah took Erzurum during the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35),<ref>John A Boyle. "Persia (RLE Iran A): History and Heritage" p 43</ref> but the city returned to Ottoman possession following his death in 1747.
Modern historyEdit
In 1821, during the last major Ottoman-Persian War, the Ottomans were decisively defeated at Erzurum by the Iranian Qajars at the Battle of Erzurum (1821).<ref>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle, Vol.III, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, 1140.</ref> In 1829 the city was captured by the Russian Empire, but was returned to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne), in September of the same year. During the Crimean War Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of Kars. The city was unsuccessfully attacked (Battle of Erzurum (1877)) by a Russian army in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877–78. However, in February 1878, the Russians took Erzurum without resistance, but it was again returned to the Ottoman Empire, this time under the Treaty of San Stefano. There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the Hamidian massacres (1894–1896).<ref>Dadrian, Vahakn N. Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 141.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
World War I and Turkish War of independenceEdit
The 40,000-strong Armenian population was deported from the city and killed en masse during the 1915 Armenian genocide. Their cultural institutions, including churches, clubs, and schools, were looted, destroyed, or otherwise left derelict. When Russian forces occupied Erzurum in 1916, there were scarcely 200 Armenians left alive.<ref>Kévorkian, Raymond. The Armenian Genocide: A History. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 289-318.</ref>
The city was also the location of one of the key battles in the Caucasus Campaign of World War I between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian Empires. This resulted in the capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under the command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, one of the key founders of the modern Turkish Republic, resigned from the Ottoman army in Erzurum and was declared an "Honorary Native" and freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The Erzurum Congress of 1919 was one of the starting points of the Turkish War of Independence.<ref>See Richard G. Hovannisian, "The Competition for Erzerum, 1914–1921" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 378ff.</ref>
Inspectorate GeneralEdit
In September 1935, Erzurum was made the seat of the newly created third Inspectorate General (Umumi Müfettişlik, UM).<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The third UM span over the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Kars Gümüşhane, Erzincan and Ağrı.<ref name=":1" /> It was governed by an Inspector General.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Ecclesiastical historyEdit
Theodosiopolis was important enough in the Late Roman province of Armenia Tertia to become a bishopric, which the Annuario Pontificio lists as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Comachus, but in Notitiae Episcopatuum from the seventh and early tenth centuries, its (later?) Metropolitan is the Archdiocese of Caesarea in Cappadocia.<ref>Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 536, nº 80, e p. 551, nº 112</ref> In either case, it was in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Its historically recorded Suffragan Bishops were :
- Petrus I, intervening at the council of 448 convoked by Patriarch Flavian of Constantinople in his see to condemn Archimandrite Eutyches as a heretic for his extreme opposition to Nestorianism
- Manasse intervened at the Council of Chalcedon in 451
- Petrus II participated in the 533 dispute in Constantinople between 'orthodoxy' and Monophysitism
- As ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
Council of Theodosiopolis (593)Edit
After the long Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591, Byzantine rule was extended to all western parts of Armenia, and emperor Maurice (582-602) decided to strengthen political control over the region by supporting pro-Chalcedonian fraction of the Armenian Church. In 593, regional council of western Armenian bishops met in Theodosiopolis, proclaimed allegiance to the Chalcedonian Definition and elected John (Yovhannes, or Hovhannes) of Bagaran as new Catholicos of Chalcedonian Armenians.Template:Sfn
As Ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"), the former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic titular see, renamed as Titular Archiepiscopal See of Aprus. Its post is vacant since 1968, Antonio Gregorio Vuccino was its last archbishop.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DemographicsEdit
In 1829, Erzurum had 130,000 inhabitants, including 30,000 Armenians.<ref name=vgm/> In 1909, there were 60,000 inhabitants, including 15,000 Armenians (2,500 families).<ref name=vgm/> Armenians mainly lived in the northern and northwestern districts of the city.<ref name=vgm/> On the eve of the First World War, 37,480 Armenians lived in the kaza of Erzurum, with 43 churches, three monasteries and 52 schools.<ref name=vgm>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All but about 200 Armenians were executed during the Armenian genocide.<ref name=vgm/>
Today, the city has a Lom population.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref>
EconomyEdit
One of the largest source of income and economic activity in the city has been Atatürk University. Established in 1950, it is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism also provides a portion of the province's revenues. The city is a popular destination in Turkey for winter sports at the nearby Palandöken Mountain.
Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips.
For now, Erzurum is the ending point of the South Caucasus Pipeline, also called the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) pipeline. Erzurum will also be the starting point of the planned Nabucco pipeline which will carry natural gas from the Caspian Sea basin to the European Union member states. The intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria to build the Nabucco pipeline was signed by five Prime Ministers on 13 July 2009 in Ankara.<ref name="bbc130709"> Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="zaman130709">Template:Cite news</ref> The European Union was represented at the ceremony by the President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso and the Commissioner for Energy Andris Piebalgs, while the United States was represented by the Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy Richard Morningstar and the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senator Richard Lugar.<ref name="turkish130709">Template:Cite news </ref><ref name="state130709">Template:Cite press release</ref> Template:Clearleft
TourismEdit
Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the 13th century Çifte Minareli Medrese (the "Twin Minaret" madrasa). Visitors may also wish to visit the Çobandede Bridge, which dates back to late 13th century,<ref name="guide">Erzurum city guide, travel guide, hotel guide, tourism guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://erzurumguide.com/</ref> the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque and the Grand Mosque.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
CultureEdit
CuisineEdit
One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is Cağ Kebab. Although this kebab variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining widespread popularity around Turkey.
Kadayıf Dolması is an exquisite dessert made with walnut.
Other regional foodstuffs include Su böreği (wet pastry), ekşili dolma (sour stuffed vegetables), kesme çorbası (soup), ayran aşı yayla çorbası (nomads soup), çiriş, şalgam dolması (stuffed turnip), yumurta pilavı (egg pilaf), and kadayıf dolması.<ref name="guide" />
EducationEdit
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The Erzurum Technical University<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Atatürk University<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> are located in Erzurum.
Sanasarian College was formerly in Erzerum.
SportsEdit
VenuesEdit
- Kazım Karabekir Stadium
- Erzurum Ice Hockey Arena
- GSIM Yenişehir Ice Hockey Hall
- Milli Piyango Curling Arena
- Kiremitliktepe Ski Jump
International events hostedEdit
Erzurum has hosted the following international winter sports events:
- 11th World Ice Hockey U18 Championships-Division III – Group B Tournament – March 9–15, 2009
- 12th World Ice Hockey U18 Championships-Division III – Group A Tournament – March 8–14, 2010
- 25th Winter Universiade – January 27 – February 6, 2011
- World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship – April 23 – 29, 2012
- European Curling Championships – Group C Tournament – October 5–10, 2012
- 11th IIHF World Championship Division III – April 15 – 21, 2012
- 2017 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival – February 12 – 17, 2017
The city's initial football club Erzurumspor, which during 1998–2001 played in the Turkish Super League, was forced to relegate to the Turkish Regional Amateur League due to financial problems. It was finally dissolved in 2015.
After dissolution of Erzurumspor due to financial problems, Erzurum is presented by BB Erzurumspor in association football. It was founded as "Gençler Birliği Gençlik Spor Kulübü" in 1967 and took present name in 2014. It played in the Turkish Super League in 2018-19 and 2020-21 seasons.
Erzurum's football venue, the Cemal Gürsel Stadium, has a seating capacity for 21,900 spectators. To be able to carry out the competitions of the Winter Universiade, a ski jumping ramp, an ice hockey arena and a curling hall were built in Erzurum.
Frank Lenz disappearanceEdit
In May 1894, American bicyclist Frank Lenz disappeared outside the city on the final leg of his quest to circumnavigate the globe on a bike.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClimateEdit
Erzurum has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb, Trewartha climate classification: Dcbc) with very cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. The average maximum daily temperature during August is around Template:Convert. The highest recorded temperature is Template:Convert, on 31 July 2000. ; January is the coldest month, with an average minimum daily temperature around Template:Convert. The coldest recorded temperature is Template:Convert on 28 December 2002. Snow cover is frequent in winter, but the dry nature of the climate usually prevents large accumulation. Winter temperatures in this city are exceptionally cold for their latitude, being more comparable to Russia than to somewhere in the Middle East.
Notable peopleEdit
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ArmeniansEdit
- Hakop Karnetsi, (1618–1673) Armenian historian, geographer
- Ghoukas Karnetsi, (1722–1799) Catholicos of All Armenians (1780–1799)
- Hovhannes Karnetsi, (1750–1820) Armenian poet, pedagogue
- Armenak Arzrouni, (1901–1963) Armenian photographer
- Nikita Balieff, Armenian stage performer
- Arshak Gafavian, Armenian military commander
- Johannes Avetaranian (a.k.a. Mehmet Sükrü), Seyyid (self-proclaimed descendant of the prophet Muhammed), Christian missionary
- Karekin Pastermadjian, a leader of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and an ambassador of Armenia to the US
- Vartkes Serengülian, Armenian deputy in the Ottoman parliament killed during the course of the Armenian Genocide<ref>Kévorkian. The Armenian Genocide, pp. 533-34.</ref>
- Kourken Yanigian, American-Armenian author, engineer who murdered two Turkish consular officials in 1973
TurksEdit
- Acun Ilıcalı Television programmer
- Adnan Polat, Ahiska-Turk, President of Galatasaray
- Arif Sağ, Turkish singer, bağlama virtuoso
- Bülent Güven, Political Scientist and Politician
- Cemal Gürsel, the fourth president of Turkey
- Fethullah Gülen, Islamic writer and preacher
- Hasan Çelebi, world-famous Islamic calligrapher
- Huseyin Avni Ulas, Influential Politician during the early period of the Republic of Turkey
- İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi, Turkish and Sufi philosopher and encyclopedist
- Nene Hatun, female defender of Erzurum during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78
- Orhun Ene, Turkish Basketball player
- Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen, Islamic scholar known for his book titled The Big Book of Islamic Catechism (Büyük İslâm İlmihali)
- Recep Akdağ, minister of health of Turkey
- Şair Nef'i, 17th century Turkish poet
- Şakir Yavuz, Turkish German business executive and philanthropist
OthersEdit
- Markos Vafiadis, leading cadre of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE)
Twin towns and sister citiesEdit
- Template:Flagicon Shusha, Azerbaijan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Template:Flagicon Urmia, Iran (since 2015)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Notes and referencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Published in the 19th century
- Published in the 20th century
- Template:Cite EB1911
- Template:In lang Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. "Կարին-Թեոդուպոլիսը ավանդության և պատմության մեջ" [Karin-Theodosiopolis in Tradition and History]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 3 (1971).
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Published in the 21st century
- Template:Encyclopaedia Islamica
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.) Armenian Karin/Erzerum. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003.
- Template:EI3
- Template:Cite book
Sources and external linksEdit
Template:Wikivoyage Template:Sister project
- Template:Encyclopædia Iranica Online
- Erzurum Chamber of Commerce
- GCatholic - former & titular see Theodosiopolis in Armenia
- Bilkent Üniversitesi Erzurum Yerleşkesi
- Over 600 well-organized pictures of museum, city, sights
- Erzurum (Garin): Its Armenian History and Traditions - includes information on local Armenian monasteries, schools, poetry, dialect, figures, proverbs, habits, etc.
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- Bibliography – Ecclesiastical history
- Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 441
- Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Tomo I, coll. 437–438
- Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 6, p. 402
Template:Erzerum Template:Districts of Turkey Template:Largest cities in Turkey Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey Template:Authority control